By the early 4th century AD, a Kushan noble called Malkar of Khi, had become leader of the Huns settled there.

By the fifth to 4th centuries BC, the island had grown to an estimated population of over 120, 000 ( two to three times the estimated population in 2005 ), and based on the huge necropoli at the main city of Chios, the asty, it is thought the majority lived in that area.

By the end of the 4th century, the Romanized areas had been Christianized, and inroads had been made as well among the Berber tribes, who sometimes converted en masse.

By the 4th century, textual " families " or types of text become discernable among New Testament manuscripts.

By about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus ; St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies ' a satirist in prose ' (' satyricus scriptor in prosa ').

By the middle of the 4th millennium B. C., most Mesopotamian settlements were fortified, signifying that organized warfare was common.

By the 4th century, the pilum had effectively disappeared from common use.

By the end of the 4th century the Heruls were subjugated by the Ostrogoths.

By the 4th century, villa could simply connote an agricultural holding: Jerome translated the Gospel of Mark ( xiv, 32 ) chorion, describing the olive grove of Gethsemane, with villa, without an inference that there were any dwellings there at all ( Catholic Encyclopedia " Gethsemane ").

By the 4th century, the Thracians had a composite indigenous identity, as Christian " Romans " who preserved some of their ancient pagan rituals.

By the late 4th millennium BC, Sumer was divided into about a dozen independent city-states, which were divided by canals and boundary stones.

By the 4th century, the Coptic alphabet was " standardised ", particularly for the Sahidic dialect.

** By the time of the 4th century BC, alastor in Greek had degraded to a generic type of insult, with the approximate meaning of " scoundrel ".

By mid-March, the comet was still fairly unremarkable, shining at 4th magnitude with a tail about 5 degrees long.

By December, North Charleston had become the 4th largest city in the state after annexing the Naval Base, the Air Force Base and the Charleston International Airport.

By December 1995 The 4th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) assumed responsibility as the Army's Experimental Force ( Force XXI ), and on 15 December 1995 its colors were unfurled for the first time over central Texas and Fort Hood.

By the end of the 4th century, the Yamato clan was well settled on the Nara plain with considerable control over the surrounding areas.

By late on 30 November, 78th Division — supported by 4th Armoured Brigade — had taken Fossacesia, and the whole ridge on the far bank of the Sangro — carrying the main Bernhardt defences — was under Eighth Army control.

By the end of the 4th century, many Romano-British towns, including London, were in decline.

By the late 4th century, the regional commanders were termed simply magister militum.

By the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony, CNN and two major wire services covered the event.

By the 4th century AD the settlement had recovered and a garrison was established.

By the 1st century they were occasionally omitted from public records, and by the middle of the 4th century they were seldom recorded.

By the 4th century BC, the philosopher Aristotle makes frequent reference to theory and literature concerning the relationship of appearance to character.

By the end of the nineteenth century, in 1893, when the Big Three, Columbia, and Penn were populous centers of learning, Dartmouth graduated only sixty-nine.

By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By the tenth century two other forms can be distinguished namely Canaanite and Aramaic.

By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks.

By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established.

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

By the 6th century Alexander's commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was referred to as " the commentator " ().

By the mid-4th century however the assembly's judicial functions were largely curtailed, though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe.

By the standards of 19th century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless man but a humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness to go in the ruthless pursuit of money ; on the other hand, the contrast between his life and the lives of many of his own workers and of the poor, in general, was stark.

By the 7th century BC, much of the Assyrian population used Akkadian influenced Eastern Aramaic and not Akkadian itself.

By the end of the twentieth century " Negro " had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a pejorative.

By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years.

By the 1st century BC, Aediles were elected in July, and took office on the first day in January.

By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms.

By the 19th century orchestral music in Europe had standardized the string section into the following homogeneous instrumental groups: first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

By the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

By the end of the 18th century there were no factories or mills and only a few small cottage industries along the border with Zurich.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiner's interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research.