By the Tudor period, the Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory initially lost to the colonists: even in the Pale, ‘ all the common folk … for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit and of Irish language ’.

By the Tudor period, the Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory initially lost to the colonists: even in the Pale, ‘ all the common folk … for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit and of Irish language ’.

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