By seeking close alliances with powerful noble families, Alexios put an end to the tradition of imperial exclusivity and coopted most of the nobility into his extended family and, through it, his government.

By encouraging countries to keep wastes within their boundaries and as close as possible to its source of generation, the internal pressures should provide incentives for waste reduction and pollution prevention.

By 03: 00, after more than three hours of close quarter combat, Majestic had lost its main and mizzen masts while Tonnant was a dismasted hulk.

By 1927, Pasternak's close friends Vladimir Mayakovsky and Nikolai Aseyev were advocating the complete subordination of the Arts to the needs of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

By 1340, Cairo had a population of close to half a million, making it the largest city west of China.

By 1942, with the war industries booming and the draft in operation, need declined and Congress voted to close the program.

By 1534 the Spanish crown had determined to split the region in two parallel lines, forming the governorship of " Nueva Castilla " ( from the 1 ° to the 14 ° latitude, close to Pisco ), and that of " Nueva Toledo " ( from the 14 ° to the 25 ° latitude, in Taltal, Chile ), assigning the first to Francisco Pizarro and the second to Diego de Almagro.

By 1618 Elbląg had left the Hanseatic League owing to its close business dealings with England.

By then the textile industry had started its decline ; only one factory, Veneta, managed to continue into the 1960s, when it also had to close its doors.

By the close of Baker's administration in 1868, The Society's wealth was probably $ 2 million.

By the close, England had struggled to just 6 for 1, still 221 behind Australia.

By neglecting to do this, the letter allowed good people to close their ears and their hearts .</ p >

By exposing the Avars ' close ties to Persia, once again the Ten Tribes of the Dulo clan entered into alliance with Byzantium.

By the time his close friends Christof and Luise Spengemann and their son Walter were arrested by the Gestapo in August 1936 the situation had clearly become perilous.

By 1933, however, the continued operation of the school was untenable ( it was raided by the Gestapo in April ), and in July of that year, Mies and the faculty voted to close the Bauhaus.

By the close of " Bloody Week ", some 20, 000 communards have been killed and 38, 000 arrested.

By 2009, 27 coffee shops selling cannabis in Rotterdam, all within 200 metres from schools, must close down.

By the close of the Permian, trilobites and a host of other marine groups became extinct.

By 1935, the school was about to close because of its poor financial condition.

By comparison, in a general topological space, given sets A, B it is meaningful to say that a point x is arbitrarily close to A ( i. e., in the closure of A ), or perhaps that A is a smaller neighborhood of x than B, but notions of closeness of points and relative closeness are not described well by topological structure alone.

By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure.

By the close of the Ancien Régime, it was organised into provinces.

By the close of 1868, Mussorgsky had already started and abandoned two important opera projects — the antique, exotic, romantic tragedy Salammbô, written under the influence of Alexander Serov's Judith, and the contemporary, Russian, anti-romantic farce Marriage, influenced by Alexander Dargomyzhsky's The Stone Guest.

By the close of the tenth plenary session in December 1988, the Communist Party was forced, after strikes, to approach leaders of Solidarity for talks.

By the end of the twentieth century " Negro " had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a pejorative.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiner's interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research.

By the early twentieth century, both parties were winning increasing numbers of seats in Congress.

By the late twentieth century, Chianti was often associated with basic Chianti sold in a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called a fiasco.

By the early twentieth century, the word " fart " had come to be considered rather vulgar in most English-speaking cultures.

By the end of the twentieth century interest in hydraulic rams has revived, due to the needs of sustainable technology in developing countries, and energy conservation in developed ones.

By the turn of the twentieth century it had begun to be displaced by the shorter and purely Arabic term Islam and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed The Encyclopaedia of Islam, seems to have virtually disappeared from the English language.

By the early twentieth century, it had been superseded by " number theory ".

By the beginning of the twentieth century, punch cards encoded data and directed mechanical processing.

By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place.

By the mid twentieth century the Crossbow Corps had become largely defunct, save for parading on state holidays ; but in 1956 the practice of training its members in crossbow shooting was revived, and a ' Crossbow Federation ' was formed to encourage competition in this art, so that the unit ( although still entirely ceremonial in nature ) now again has a very active existence.

By the turn of the twentieth century, a proportionately small yet socially significant cross-section of China's traditional elite ( i. e. landlords and bureaucrats ), found themselves increasingly skeptical of the efficacy and even the moral validity of Confucianism.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the city's population had reached 85, 050 in, making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States.

By the early twentieth century Sydney became home to one of the world's largest steel plants, fed by the numerous coal mines in the area under the ownership of the Dominion Coal Company.

By the end of the twentieth century, however, all of these rules had been abolished one by one, so that appointment is now a matter of status and prestige only, with no formal disadvantages.

By 1921 the registered population had slumped by almost 38, 000 ( approximately 14 %) in ten years to 228, 244, and the decline continued throughout the twentieth century.

By the end of the twentieth century, the replanted growth was considered mature enough to be commercially harvested.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, many of these had been depleted.

By the early twentieth century, as the town's population continued to grow, the Florida East Coast Railroad constructed tracks en route to Miami bisecting Deerfield.

By the turn of the twentieth century, Riverdale Park comprised 60 dwellings, a Presbyterian church, a schoolhouse, and a railroad station.

By population, Egremont ranks twentieth out of the 32 cities and towns in Berkshire County, and 315th out of the 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts.

By the start of the twentieth century, more than five million pounds of tobacco were being sold annually in Kinston's warehouses.

By the early twentieth century the population had reached 513, and the Methodist and Baptist congregations had established churches.

By the twentieth century dairy farms were increasingly competitive, and by the 1950s many small farms had ceased operation.