By one estimate, it has the fourth highest gross national income at purchasing power parity in Africa, giving it a standard of living around that of Mexico and Turkey.

By 1704, the War of the Spanish Succession was in its fourth year.

By 1781 three more societies had been established in Birmingham, with a fourth in the nearby town of Dudley ; and 19 more formed in Birmingham between 1782 and 1795.

By the fourth century, however, " confessors "— people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by word and life — began to be venerated publicly.

By the fourth beta version, Valve Software, the developer who created Half-Life, began assisting in the development of Counter-Strike.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty.

By the fourth century BC Persia had fallen into decline.

By adding a fourth dimension to the three dimensional space, the self-intersection can be eliminated.

By the late 1810s, it was not uncommon to dance a series of quadrilles during the evening, generally consisting of the same first three figures combined with a variety of different fourth and fifth figures.

By the time Christopher Columbus passed near St. Vincent on his fourth voyage in 1502, the Caribs occupied the island after displacing the Arawaks a few centuries earlier.

By this point Prokofiev had composed two more operas, Desert Islands and The Feast during the Plague, and was working on his fourth, Undine.

By winning all three of the cups at the 100cc level, a fourth cup – the Special cup – is unlocked.

By the end of the game, Elway was sacked five times and threw three interceptions, and Washington scored another touchdown on a 68-yard fourth quarter drive featuring a 25-yard run by Clark on a reverse and three runs by Smith for 43 yards, the last a 4-yard touchdown to bring the game to its final score of 42 – 10.

By area Turkmenistan ranks fourth among the former Soviet republics, after Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.

By the end of the fourth century the Presbyter ( author of 2 and 3 John ) was thought to be a different person to the Apostle John.

By 2000, it was Italy's fourth most widely planted white wine grape.

By the dawn of the fourth century BC, however, the neighbouring tribes had all been either subdued or conquered, and the stage was set for the rise of Qin expansionism.

By the end of the 7th century a fourth kindred, Cenél Comgaill ( kindred of Comgall ), had emerged, based in eastern Argyll.

By December 1943, these Secondary Schools had reached their capacity, and a major portion of Navy Pier was quickly converted to a fourth school.

By the fourth century, when pagan beliefs gave way to Christianity, belief in literal sirens was discouraged.

By the time the group's fourth album Strangeways, Here We Come was released in September, the band had split up.

By the end of the fourth millennium BC, donkey had spread to Southwest Asia, and the main breeding center had shifted to Mesopotamia by 1800 BC.

By 1955, the Russians agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria, and East Vienna, as well as their sector in the fourth and tenth districts in South Vienna.

By reminding ourselves of these factors in the situation, we should, I am sure, come to a fresh realization, however painful it be, that the battle between Parker and his neighbors was fought in earnest.

By 1987 Ethernet was clearly winning the standards battle over Token Ring, and in the middle of that year Apple introduced EtherTalk 1. 0 for the newly released Macintosh II computer.

By January 1, 1995, the order of battle of the Belarusian army had changed.

By contrast, the British press were jubilant ; many newspapers sought to portray the battle as a victory for Britain over anarchy, and the success was used to attack the supposedly pro-republican Whig politicians Charles James Fox and Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

By 30 July the Greek army was outnumbered by the counter-attacking Bulgarian army, which attempted to encircle the Greeks in a Cannae-type battle, by applying pressure on their flanks.

By noon, the survivors of the Italian army were in full retreat and the battle was over.

By this time the main difference between light and battle cavalry was their training ; the former was regarded as a tool for harassment and reconnaissance, while the latter was considered best for close-order charges.

By the time of Julius Caesar, a group of Germans led by the Suebian chieftain Ariovistus were expanding into Gaul, until stopped by Caesar at the battle of Vosges.

By this time, the U. S. Marines had been issued the modern tripod-mounted M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun in 6mm Lee Navy, which they employed to defeat Spanish infantry at the battle of Cuzco Wells.

By the time of the movies distinct battle classes were not necessary as the Republic had not seen war in over a thousand years, and the title of Knight was simply a rank once again.

By the end of the battle two days later, Confederate forces had retreated from Four Oaks, North Carolina.

By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases.

By around 1: 30 a. m., the battle was over.

By the end of battle, over 45, 000 residents were killed.

By 1995, Paula Abdul had recovered from her battle with the eating disorder bulimia nervosa and prepared to return to the spotlight with her new album Head over Heels.

By one single battle, the Battle of Agnadello on 14 May 1509, the dominion of Venice in Italy was practically lost.

By this point in the war, the barons on both sides seem to have been eager to avoid an open battle.

By the end of the battle, nearly 150 Fatah gunmen had been killed and a similar number captured.

By the end of the battle, de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his brother, future King Edward I, making de Montfort the " uncrowned king of England ".

By 1058 Malcolm had killed Macbeth in battle and taken the Scottish throne.

By the end of the battle, de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his son, future King Edward I, making de Montfort the " uncrowned king of England " for 15 months before Edward escapes captivity and recaptures the throne.

By 12: 00, General Manstein opened up the battle before the village of Amanvillers with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division.

By January 1322, Edward's army, reinforced by the Despensers returning from exile, had forced the surrender of the Mortimers, and by March Lancaster himself had been captured after the battle of Boroughbridge ; Lancaster was promptly executed, leaving Edward and the Despensers victorious.

" By Spanish times with colonial troops had become considerably bloodier ," a report of one battle alone in 1890 lists 300 Spanish casualties.