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By the later 19th century, history painting was often explicitly rejected by avant-garde movements such as the Impressionists ( except for Édouard Manet ) and the Symbolists, and according to one recent writer " Modernism was to a considerable extent built upon the rejection of History Painting ... All other genres are deemed capable of entering, in one form or another, the ' pantheon ' of modernity considered, but History Painting is excluded ".
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By 1935, the only significant independent nation that did not possess a central bank was Brazil, which subsequently developed a precursor thereto in 1945 and the present central bank twenty years later.
By the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football.
By December, the capital city of Nanjing had fallen to the Japanese, and Chiang moved the government inland, first to Wuhan and later to Chongqing.
By the crusader period, a cistern under the former basilica was rumoured to have been the location that Helena had found the True Cross, and began to be venerated as such ; although the cistern later became the Chapel of the Invention of the Cross, there is no evidence for the rumour prior to the 11th century, and modern archaeological investigation has now dated the cistern to the 11th century repairs by Monomachos.
By 1921, most of the original players moved to Paris where Dada experienced its last major incarnation ( see Neo-Dada for later activity ).
" By the later segments of Kino-Pravda, Vertov was experimenting heavily, looking to abandon what he considered film clichés ( and receiving criticism for it ); his experimentation was even more pronounced and dramatic by the time of Man with a Movie Camera, which was filmed in Ukraine.
By the later 2nd century, it was accepted that the celebration of Pascha ( Easter ) was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition.
By the later 3rd century, however, some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter.
By the time there was a strong market need for a bus of these speeds and capabilities, the VESA Local Bus and later PCI filled this niche and EISA vanished into obscurity.
By mid-1896 all of Satie's financial means had vanished, and he had to move to cheaper and much smaller lodgings, first at the, and two years later, after he'd composed the two first sets of in 1897, to Arcueil, a suburb some five kilometres from the centre of Paris.
By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated, and Elizabeth considered marriage to two French Valois princes in turn, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, and later, from 1572 to 1581, his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon.
By the time of the Byzantine Iconoclasm several centuries later, Eusebius had unfairly gained the reputation of having been an Arian, and was roundly condemned as such by Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople.
Company B, Stevie B, Paris By Air, Linear, Will to Power and Exposé's later hits defined Miami freestyle.
By 1952, at the age of 55, Capra effectively retired from Hollywood filmmaking and spent his later years working with Caltech, his alma mater, to produce educational films on science topics.
By the later stages of the Eighty Years War the Dutch had switched entirely from the heavier ships still used by the English and Spanish to the lighter frigates, carrying around 40 guns and weighing around 300 tons.
By the 1930s, Genosha Bay later became a United States extraterritorial prison which hold prisoners of the worse cases from around the world and was notorious for practicing inhumane punishments on its prisoners ranging from sleep deprivations and water torture.
By 1914, Hoover stood eventually to obtain what he later described as " a large fortune from these Russian industries, probably more than is good for anybody ".
By sorting formulas according to the number of atoms of each element present in the formula according to these rules, with differences in earlier elements or numbers being treated as more significant than differences in any later element or number — like sorting text strings into lexicographical order — it is possible to collate chemical formulas into what is known as Hill system order.
By 64 BC, Julius Caesar's legions had established their occupation, and the Romans had thus unified all three regions of Libya ( Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and northern Fezzan ) in one single new province called Africa proconsularis ( later Cyrenaica was separated administratively ).
By this time, Lewis was held by the Mackenzies of Kintail, ( later the Earls of Seaforth ), who pursued a more enlightened approach, investing in fishing in particular.
By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed, although aspects of the individualist anarchist tradition were later revived with modifications by Murray Rothbard and his anarcho-capitalism in the mid-20th century, as a current of the broader libertarian movement.
By assuming the Earth to possess a soul ( a property he would later invoke to explain how the sun causes the motion of planets ), he established a speculative system connecting astrological aspects and astronomical distances to weather and other earthly phenomena.
In the early 1980s, Jarmusch was part of a revolving lineup of musicians in Robin Crutchfield's Dark Day project, and later became the keyboardist and one of two vocalists for The Del-Byzanteens, a No Wave band whose sole LP Lies to Live By was a minor underground hit in the United States and Britain in 1982.
By September 1538 Calvin had taken up his new position in Strasbourg, fully expecting that this time it would be permanent ; a few months later, he applied for and was granted citizenship of the city.
By and 19th
By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.
By the standards of 19th century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless man but a humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness to go in the ruthless pursuit of money ; on the other hand, the contrast between his life and the lives of many of his own workers and of the poor, in general, was stark.
By the 19th century orchestral music in Europe had standardized the string section into the following homogeneous instrumental groups: first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.
By the late 19th century, two problems were identified before heavier-than-air flight could be realized.
By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems.
By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.
By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.
By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.
By the 19th century the fixed-blade utility knife had evolved into a steel-bladed outdoors field knife capable of butchering game, cutting wood, and preparing campfires and meals.
By the early 19th century, the threat of plague had diminished, but it was quickly replaced by a new disease.
By the last years of the 19th century, The British Museum's collections had increased so much that the Museum building was no longer big enough for them.
By the 19th century other pressures upon the book of 1662 had arisen.
By the early 19th century, Kanem-Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered Ngazargamu.
By the late 19th century, square dances too had fallen out of favor, except in rural areas.
By the end of the 19th century, slavery was abolished.
By the middle of the 19th century it was the largest and most modern glassworks in the world.
By the late 19th century, as a result of the faster shipping, expanding fishery and industrialization of the island, exchanges of people between the island of Newfoundland and Cape Breton increased beginning a cultural exchange that continues to this day.
By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.
By the 19th Century, this body of legislation included some 10, 000 norms.
By the 19th century, the season for celery had been extended, to last from the beginning of September to late in April.
By the late 19th century, the traditional business supporters of the UK Liberal Party had joined the Conservatives, making them the party of business and commerce.
By the 19th century, European cavalry fell into four main categories:
By the beginning of the 19th century, government policy on both sides of the Atlantic began to change, reflecting the growing popularity of the proposition that corporations were riding the economic wave of the future.
By the end of the 19th century the Sherman Act, New Jersey allowing holding companies, and mergers resulted in larger corporations with dispersed shareholders.
By the end of the 19th century the world had been forever changed by the rapid communication made possible by engineering development of land-line, underwater and, eventually, wireless telegraphy.
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