By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid to late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs were hits.

By mid century, the cooperative Christian Churches and the independent Christian Churches were following different paths.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the mid 1970s, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector ; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By mid July, North Korean troops overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units defending South Korea and forced them back to a defensive perimeter in south-east South Korean known as the Pusan Perimeter.

By the mid to late-1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.

By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

By the late 90's the team was about to face one of its worst decades since the 50's, From 1999-2008 the team could hardly make it into the semi-finals ( except in 2005 when they reached the finals and lost the title against the Capitanes de Arecibo in four games ), as a consequence the franchise's quality and prestige as well as the fanbase began to decrease.

By contrast, the Sierra was never sold in Australia, as there was less demand for a medium-sized wagon than in New Zealand, although the RS Cosworth / RS500 was used in the Australian Touring Car Championships from the late 80's and early 90's.

By the mid 90's he was teaching at colleges and junior colleges in the Chicago area.

By the mid 90's, the group's interests shifted away from live material as they became more interested in filmed content.

By the mid 90's Philips decided to pull out of non-core business areas, so Simoco came into existence.

By the time " 90's Girl " was released the album has US sales of over 200, 000 units.

Having been a successful band throughout the 80's the 90's was a slightly quieter decade for the group, but the release of Californication turned them around in 2000 and By the Way helped propel them straight to the top.

By the later part of the 90's, a similar car with more sophisticated aerodynamics device and telemetry cost £ 250, 000.

By the early 90's the Front 242 formula seemed to be tiring and there were growing musical differences within the group.

By the mid 90's, more 70's music was added and by the late 90's, 80's music was added.

By the early 90's, KHQ was the more-adult station while The Peak, with several countdown shows daily and " Peak It Or Plunge It ", a voting show, was the hit for the younger crowd.

By then, musicians like Philly Lutaaya, Afrigo Band and Elly Wamala were the few Ugandan acts to have had mainstream music success.

By 1922, after travels in California, Oliver was the jazz king in Chicago, performing as King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band at the Royal Gardens ( later renamed the Lincoln Gardens ).

By the late 19th century, the Eastern Band of Cherokee were laboring under the constraints of a segregated society.

By chance, Black Hawk and his British Band had just crossed into Illinois.

Blows soundtrack is a compilation of songs and artists from the 1970s, such as: " Can't You Hear Me Knocking " by The Rolling Stones, " All the Tired Horses " by Bob Dylan, " Rumble " by Link Wray, " Glad and Sorry " by Faces, " Strange Brew " by Cream, " Black Betty " by Ram Jam, " Blinded By the Light " by Manfred Mann's Earth Band, " Let's Boogaloo " by Willie Rosario, " Keep It Comin ' Love " by KC & the Sunshine Band, " That Smell " by Lynyrd Skynyrd, " Can't You See " by The Marshall Tucker Band, and " Push & Pull " by Nikka Costa.

By 1919, Lewis was leading his own band, and had a recording contract with Columbia Records, which marketed him as their answer to the Original Dixieland Jass Band who recorded for Victor records.

By 1912, he was playing professionally with Freddie Keppard in Storyville, and played with Buddy Petit, Kid Ory, Papa Celestin, the Eagle Band, and the Young Olympia Band, before joining the Original Creole Orchestra in Chicago, Illinois in 1917.

By way of compensation, Shiels gave him a bass guitar he had bought from former musician Robert Ballagh for £ 49 in 1967 while with the Uptown Band, he taught Lynott to play bass, and after a stint with ' Orphanage ' Lynott went on to international fame as founder, bassist and vocalist for Thin Lizzy.

By 1992, Suede were hailed as " The Best New Band in Britain ", and attracted much attention from the British music press.

By late 1981 Pastorius was putting together the Word of Mouth Big Band ( which included Erskine ) for concert dates in Japan, on the assumption that 1982 would be a Weather Report rest year.

By 1976, ex-The Herd, Judas Jump member and Peter Frampton Band member Andy Bown was brought in to cover keyboards — although as he was contracted as a solo artist with EMI he was not credited as a full-time member until 1982.

By the end of World War II, large orchestras accompanied singers ; the most prominent orchestras were the Army Band, Police Band, and Imperial Bodyguard Band.

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By mid 1912, Headquarters, the Band, and the 1st and 3rd Battalions were established at Tientsin in China as part of the international peace-keeping mission designed to protect civilians during the Boxer Rebellion ; the 2nd in the Philippines.

By 1980, the Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band was considered one of the most important big bands in jazz.

By 1964, Grant had started to manage his own acts including the Nashville Teens, an all-girl group called She Trinity, the New Vaudeville Band, Jeff Beck, Terry Reid and Stone the Crows.

By his early adolescence, his father often called upon him to play any given instrument as a utility member or substitute player within Bennett ’ s Band in Freeman.

By the corrected boundaries, the Northwest Angle was included within the United States, together with its historic residents, the Lac du Bois Band of Ojibwa.

By 1974 it became known as " Spanish Hustle " and in 1975 the Fatback Band made a song with that name.

After these tours, the band's lineup changed again, to Contreras, Hixenbaugh and Small with drummer Derek Downham, followed by a September 2006 show at the Drake Hotel in Toronto that had the band performing all new songs with Rego, Small and Jason Nunes ( the entire Meligrove Band ) under the By Divine Right name.