By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms.

By its terms the boundary between Alfred ’ s and Guthrum ’ s kingdoms was to run up the River Thames, to the River Lea ; follow the Lea to its source ( near Luton ); from there extend in a straight line to Bedford ; and from Bedford follow the River Ouse to Watling Street.

By terms of the treaty, moreover, Alfred was to have control over the Mercian city of London and its mints — at least for the time being.

By 1912, Ostwald noted that the allotropy of elements is just a special case of the phenomenon of polymorphism known for compounds, and proposed that the terms allotrope and allotropy be abandoned and replaced by polymorph and polymorphism.

By the terms of his father's will he received an appanage of Poitou and Auvergne.

By a process known as self-attribution, it has been shown in numerous studies that individuals with knowledge of astrology tend to describe their personality in terms of traits compatible with their star sign.

By the terms of the Thirty Years ' Peace ( 445 BC ) Athens covenanted to restore to Aegina her autonomy, but the clause remained a dead letter.

By the terms of the agreement, the election of bishops and abbots in Germany was to take place in the emperor's presence as judge between potentially disputing parties, free of bribes, thus retaining to the emperor a crucial role in choosing these great territorial magnates of the Empire.

By treating the extra acceleration terms due to the rotation of the frame as if they were forces, subtracting them from the physical forces, it's possible to treat the second time derivative of position ( relative to the rotating frame ) as absolute acceleration.

By the time mass applications for wireless Internet had emerged, and the U. S. had opened up to DECT, well into the new century, the industry had moved far ahead in terms of performance and DECT's time as a wireless data transport had passed.

By the mid-1950s, largely due to the ecumenical evangelism of Billy Graham, the terms evangelicalism and fundamentalism began to refer to two different approaches.

By contrast, Interlingua ( 1951 ) has greatly surpassed Ido in terms of popularity.

By the terms of the Honduran constitution, this stalemate left the final choice of president up to the legislature, but that body was unable to obtain a quorum and reach a decision.

By the late 20th century, Hong Kong was the seventh largest port in the world and second only to New York and Rotterdam in terms of container throughput.

In 1992, author Ted Nelson – who coined both terms in 1963 – wrote: By now the word " hypertext " has become generally accepted for branching and responding text, but the corresponding word " hypermedia ", meaning complexes of branching and responding graphics, movies and sound – as well as text – is much less used.

By the 14th century however, on Mount Athos the terms Hesychasm and Hesychast refer to the practice and to the practitioner of a method of mental ascesis that involves the use of the Jesus Prayer assisted by certain psychophysical techniques.

" By default, American individualists had no difficulty accepting the concepts that " one man employ another " or that " he direct him ," in his labor but rather demanded that " all natural opportunities requisite to the production of wealth be accessible to all on equal terms and that monopolies arising from special privileges created by law be abolished.

By the terms of the Local Government Act 2001, the counties of North Tipperary and South Tipperary were created.

By the terms of the Thirty Years ' Peace of 446-445 BC Megara was returned to the Peloponnesian League.

By the beginning of 20th century the booming and more complex mining sector in mineral-rich countries provided only slight benefits to local communities in terms of sustainability.

By most economic measures, after partition the North was better off in terms of industry and natural resources.

By revealing ( in modern terms ) that numbers could be irrational, this discovery seems to have provoked the first foundational crisis in mathematical history ; its proof or its divulgation are sometimes credited to Hippasus, who was expelled or split from the Pythagorean sect.

By contrast, many ethical philosophers have tried to prove some of their claims about ethics by appealing to an analysis of the meaning of the term " good "; they held, that is, that " good " can be defined in terms of one or more natural properties which we already understand ( such as " pleasure ", in the case of hedonists ).

By the end of the century, Ontario vied with Quebec as the nation's leader in terms of growth in population, industry, arts and communications.

By defining a thing solely in terms of its external relationships or effects we only find its external, or explicit nature.

Puttenham, in the time of Elizabeth I of England, wished to start from Elissabet Anglorum Regina ( Elizabeth Queen of the English ), to obtain Multa regnabis ense gloria ( By thy sword shalt thou reign in great renown ); he explains carefully that H is " a note of aspiration only and no letter ", and that Z in Greek or Hebrew is a mere SS.

Professor Henry Higgins sings, " Look at her, a prisoner of the gutters / Condemned by every syllable she utters / By right she should be taken out and hung / For the cold-blooded murder of the English tongue.

By now Blenheim was under assault from every side by three English generals: Cutts, Churchill, and Orkney.

By the time Marlborough had closed down the Ramillies campaign he had denied the French most of the Spanish Netherlands west of the Meuse and north of the Sambre – it was an unsurpassed operational triumph for the English Duke.

Coal ( from the Old English term col, which has meant " mineral of fossilized carbon " since the 13th century ) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds By comparison in 2007, natural gas provided of oil equivalent per day, while oil provided per day.

To establish that a function is computable by Turing machine, it is usually considered sufficient to give an informal English description of how the function can be effectively computed, and then conclude " By the Church – Turing thesis " that the function is Turing computable ( equivalently partial recursive ).

By 1700, it had been reprinted 15 times in Italian, and was translated in Dutch, English, French, German, Russian and Spanish.

By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and the Spanish Infanta Constance of Castile.

By 1850, Parliament had enacted several statutes on a case-by-case basis to deal with issues regularly faced by certain types of organizations, like joint-stock companies, and with the impetus for most types of group litigation removed, it went into a steep decline in English jurisprudence from which it never recovered.

By the late 1930s, Thomas was embraced as the " poetic herald " for a group of English poets, the New Apocalyptics.

By the early 18th century, other publishers began to issue collections of dances as well ; a conservative estimate of the number of dances in the English style published between 1651 and 1810 would run to around 20, 000.

By the time William Grindal became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write English, Latin, and Italian.

By the end of her life Elizabeth was also reputed to speak Welsh, Cornish, Scottish and Irish in addition to English.

By the English Middle Ages the term had been expanded to include not only the message, but also the New Testament which contained the message, as well as more specifically the four books of the Bible in which the life, death and resurrection of Jesus are portrayed.

By the start of the fourteenth century the word appeared in English texts, indicating all three senses: the most common one, the legal term and the archaic usage.

By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.

By the later stages of the Eighty Years War the Dutch had switched entirely from the heavier ships still used by the English and Spanish to the lighter frigates, carrying around 40 guns and weighing around 300 tons.

By the end of Alfred's reign in 899 he was the only remaining English king, having reduced Mercia to a dependency of Wessex, governed by his son-in-law Ealdorman Aethelred.

By 1550, after a change of regent in England, the English withdrew from Scotland completely.

By the end of his life, he could converse in English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish as well as German.

By the mid-19th century, English was the majority language spoken in the country.

By the 19th century, the standardisation of British English was more settled than it had been in the previous century, and this relatively well-established English was brought to Africa, Asia and New Zealand.

By the twenty-first century, the number of non-native English speakers has come to significantly outnumber the number of native speakers by a factor of three, according to the British Council.

By the turn of the twentieth century it had begun to be displaced by the shorter and purely Arabic term Islam and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed The Encyclopaedia of Islam, seems to have virtually disappeared from the English language.