By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy, which in turn called for a new means, chattel slavery, to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor.

By the turn of the century, cycling clubs flourished on both sides of the Atlantic, and touring and racing became widely popular.

By the turn of the 21st century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street.

By the turn of the 20th century, it had grown customary to abbreviate the name violoncello to ' cello, with the apostrophe indicating the six missing prefix letters.

By the recent turn of the century, however, his paintings were selling for millions.

By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated, and Elizabeth considered marriage to two French Valois princes in turn, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, and later, from 1572 to 1581, his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon.

By the time he enters mid-puberty he in turn participates in passing his semen on to younger males.

* By the convolution theorem, Fourier transforms turn the complicated convolution operation into simple multiplication, which means that they provide an efficient way to compute convolution-based operations such as polynomial multiplication and multiplying large numbers.

By the turn of the 19th century they became new powers, having divided Poland between them, with Sweden and Turkey having experienced substantial territorial losses to Russia and Austria respectively as well as pauperisation.

By 1813 the tide had begun to turn from Napoleon.

By this time the manager is there, and expresses a strong desire to turn back-right at the moment that the Inner Station comes into view.

By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed, although aspects of the individualist anarchist tradition were later revived with modifications by Murray Rothbard and his anarcho-capitalism in the mid-20th century, as a current of the broader libertarian movement.

By the turn of the twentieth century it had begun to be displaced by the shorter and purely Arabic term Islam and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed The Encyclopaedia of Islam, seems to have virtually disappeared from the English language.

By 1938, they had all become wealthy men, but their wealth was dependent on Hitler ’ s continuing goodwill and willingness to turn a blind eye to their corruption.

By the turn of the 19th century, the company had become the largest of the ‘’ hongs ’’ or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan.

By the turn of the decade, the hinged mitt became standard catchers ' equipment.

By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.

By the turn of the 19th century, the English word " anarchism " had lost its initial negative connotation.

By eliminating ρ and J, using Maxwell's equations, and manipulating using the theorems of vector calculus, this form of the equation can be used to derive the Maxwell stress tensor σ, in turn this can be combined with the Poynting vector S to obtain the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor T used in general relativity.

North Korean forces were soon defeated by September and driven northwards by United Nations forces led by the U. S. By October, the U. N. forces had retaken Seoul and captured Pyongyang, and it became Kim's turn to flee.

By the turn of the century physicists had also discovered three types of radiation emanating from atoms, which they named alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records, which in turn was sold to MCA ( now Universal Music Group ) in 1979.

By the turn of the century, pop punk had been adopted by the mainstream, as bands such as Green Day and The Offspring brought the genre widespread popularity.

By the turn of the decade, the punk rock movement had split deeply along cultural and musical lines, leaving a variety of derivative scenes and forms.

By 1992 the cost of typical recorders was down to $ 10 – 12, 000, and in September 1995 Hewlett-Packard introduced its model 4020i manufactured by Philips, which at $ 995 was the first recorder to cost less than $ 1000.

By the time of the national assembly elections in December 1992, only three had qualified.

* Government By Emergency, 1986 ( revised in 1992 ) ISBN 0-930462-05-X

By 1992, the standard method of locating someone's e-mail address was to find their organization's CCSO nameserver entry in Gopher, and query the nameserver.

By 1992 only 55 percent of the Honduran population continued to live in rural areas.

In 1992, author Ted Nelson – who coined both terms in 1963 – wrote: By now the word " hypertext " has become generally accepted for branching and responding text, but the corresponding word " hypermedia ", meaning complexes of branching and responding graphics, movies and sound – as well as text – is much less used.

By 1992, it was 5, 000, 000 zaires.

By the beginning of 1992, several proposals appeared and by the end of 1992, the IETF announced a call for white papers.

* Passing By: Selected Essays, 1962 – 1991 ( 1992 )

By the time of the Los Angeles riots of 1992, Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones, tenant ownership and welfare reform: Mort Zuckerman compared Bush's vision on racial issues to that of a man riding backwards in a railroad car.

By 1992 the problem had become so serious that Latvian forestry officials were given the right to carry firearms.

By early November 1992, a new parliament had been elected, and Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri had formed a cabinet, retaining for himself the finance portfolio.

By 1992, several warring factions had emerged in the Liberian civil war, all of which were absorbed in the new transitional government.

By 1992, 120, 000 people had fled from Sierra Leone to Guinea due to the RUF's practice of targeting civilians.

By April 1992, as civilian rule returned, 16 major political parties had been recognized ; 12 major political parties were active in 2004.

By April 1992, as civilian rule returned, 15 political parties had gained recognition.

By 1992 the national army fragmented into regional militias under local warlords because of the fall of the Soviet Union which stopped supplying the army and later in 1992 when the Afghan government lost power and the country went into a state of anarchy.

By winning the award of " The Best New Coming Director " with his first feature film, Balcony, at Ankara Film Festival in 1992, Altioklar drew the attention of Turkish film industry to his work.

By 1992, with the signing of the Schengen Treaty which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe ( Joubert and Bevers, 1996 ).

By 1992, more than 300 births had occurred in captivity, and more than 300 individuals lived in 85 institutions worldwide.

By the end of that month, eight political parties had registered to contest the first stage of the transition process: election to the Constitutional Commission, which took place on 23 – 26 July 1992.

By 1992, only a small fraction of skateboarders remained as a highly technical version of street skating, combined with the decline of vert skating, produced a sport that lacked the mainstream appeal to attract new skaters.