By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy, which in turn called for a new means, chattel slavery, to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor.

By the turn of the century, cycling clubs flourished on both sides of the Atlantic, and touring and racing became widely popular.

By the turn of the 21st century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street.

By the turn of the 20th century, it had grown customary to abbreviate the name violoncello to ' cello, with the apostrophe indicating the six missing prefix letters.

By the recent turn of the century, however, his paintings were selling for millions.

By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated, and Elizabeth considered marriage to two French Valois princes in turn, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, and later, from 1572 to 1581, his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon.

By the time he enters mid-puberty he in turn participates in passing his semen on to younger males.

* By the convolution theorem, Fourier transforms turn the complicated convolution operation into simple multiplication, which means that they provide an efficient way to compute convolution-based operations such as polynomial multiplication and multiplying large numbers.

By the turn of the 19th century they became new powers, having divided Poland between them, with Sweden and Turkey having experienced substantial territorial losses to Russia and Austria respectively as well as pauperisation.

By 1813 the tide had begun to turn from Napoleon.

By this time the manager is there, and expresses a strong desire to turn back-right at the moment that the Inner Station comes into view.

By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed, although aspects of the individualist anarchist tradition were later revived with modifications by Murray Rothbard and his anarcho-capitalism in the mid-20th century, as a current of the broader libertarian movement.

By the turn of the twentieth century it had begun to be displaced by the shorter and purely Arabic term Islam and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed The Encyclopaedia of Islam, seems to have virtually disappeared from the English language.

By 1938, they had all become wealthy men, but their wealth was dependent on Hitler ’ s continuing goodwill and willingness to turn a blind eye to their corruption.

By the turn of the 19th century, the company had become the largest of the ‘’ hongs ’’ or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan.

By the turn of the decade, the hinged mitt became standard catchers ' equipment.

By the turn of 1992 they were top of the Second Division, and then suffered a dip in form before recovering to qualify for the playoffs, during which Dalglish led Blackburn into the new Premier League by beating Leicester City 1 – 0 in the Second Division Play-off final at Wembley.

By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.

By the turn of the 19th century, the English word " anarchism " had lost its initial negative connotation.

By eliminating ρ and J, using Maxwell's equations, and manipulating using the theorems of vector calculus, this form of the equation can be used to derive the Maxwell stress tensor σ, in turn this can be combined with the Poynting vector S to obtain the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor T used in general relativity.

North Korean forces were soon defeated by September and driven northwards by United Nations forces led by the U. S. By October, the U. N. forces had retaken Seoul and captured Pyongyang, and it became Kim's turn to flee.

By the turn of the century physicists had also discovered three types of radiation emanating from atoms, which they named alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records, which in turn was sold to MCA ( now Universal Music Group ) in 1979.

By the turn of the century, pop punk had been adopted by the mainstream, as bands such as Green Day and The Offspring brought the genre widespread popularity.

By managing all four populations as one-through strategic transfers, gene-loss is reduced from 8 % per decade to 2 % per decade, without any increase in bongo numbers in Kenya.

By the early 2000s ( decade ), however, the university quietly reexamined its position on accreditation as degree mills proliferated and various government bureaucracies, such as law enforcement agencies, began excluding BJU graduates on the grounds that the university did not appear on appropriate federal lists.

By the middle of the decade, some of the 1950s generation of American comedians, such as Jerry Lewis, went into decline, while Peter Sellers found success with international audiences in his first American film The Pink Panther.

By then Wilson was the last surviving member of Attlee's cabinet and the unveiling of the statue would be the last public appearance by Wilson, who was by then in the first stages of Alzheimer's Disease and who died in May 1995 after a decade of ill health.

By the end of that decade, calculator prices had reduced to a point where a basic calculator was affordable to most and they became common in schools.

By the end of the decade, similar calculators were priced less than $ 10 (£ 5 ).

By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, making as many as six films a year.

By the end of the decade, Gumby and Pokey had appeared in commercials for Cheerios cereal, most notably Frosted Cheerios.

By the middle of the decade the first true kickboxing events were being held in Osaka.

By the first decade of the 20th century, a number of business entities had formed themselves into trusts, which dominated their industries.

By the end of the 1980s, membership had fallen to just over 6, 000, 000 — little more than half the level of a decade earlier — and it also counted against the Labour Party's hopes of regaining power, as its relationship with the trade unions had traditionally been seen as a strength but after the Winter of Discontent it was seen as a liability.

By the end of 1917, Trotsky was unquestionably the second man in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin, overshadowing the ambitious Zinoviev, who had been Lenin's top lieutenant over the previous decade, but whose star appeared to be fading.

By 2000s ( decade ), the VAZ designation was dropped from market names in favour of Lada and simplified export naming conventions were adopted, so VAZ-2104 effectively became Lada 2104, VAZ-2110 became Lada 110, VAZ-2114 became Lada Samara hatchback or Lada 114 and so on, though model indices continue to be used in both technical and marketing materials.

By 1956, the city had grown to, and doubled in size over the next decade to its current size of roughly.

By the mid-first decade of the 21st century virtually all mainstream automakers in Europe had a compact MPV in their range.

By the middle of the decade, he had gained complete control of the suburb Cicero, and had installed his own Mayor in office.

By the end of the decade oil was Switzerland's primary energy source.

By then he could not walk because of both the infection in his injured leg and an infirmity in his other from a traffic accident a decade earlier.

By the end of the decade, two thirds of UNCHR's budget was focused on operations in Africa and in just one decade, the organization's focus had shifted from an almost exclusive focus on Europe.

By the end of the decade, similar material met with little, if any opposition when it was released in Berlin theatres.

By the end of the decade, a new Schlesinger production team, including directors Friz Freleng, Tex Avery, Robert Clampett, and Chuck Jones was formed.