By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By 1000 BC Greek and Phoenician traders had begun to visit the eastern coast of Spain, establishing small trading ports and introducing the native Iberian tribes to the alphabet, iron and the pottery wheel.

By 1851 the Eagle Station ranch located along the Carson River served as a trading post and stopover for travelers on the California Trail's Carson Branch which ran through Eagle Valley.

By this point the coastal trading cultures were thoroughly dominant over the inland river valleys that had once been the heart of the great powers.

By the 1590s, a number of Dutch companies were formed to finance trading expeditions in Asia.

By the turn of the 19th century, the company had become the largest of the ‘’ hongs ’’ or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan.

By the late 1720s, the village was trading across the Arabian Sea with Muscat and the Persian Gulf region.

By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

By, at latest, 1628, they had a " factory " ( their name for a trading post ) in the vicinity of Sherbro Island, which is about 50 km south-east down the coast from present-day Freetown.

By the 12th century AD, a number of loosely connected rice-growing and trading states flourished in the upper Chao Phraya Valley.

By the 1530s, small groups of Portuguese traders and prospectors penetrated the interior regions seeking gold, where they set up garrisons and trading posts at Sena and Tete on the Zambezi River and tried to gain exclusive control over the gold trade.

By this time, Mozambique had become a Portuguese colony, but administration was left to the trading companies ( like Mozambique Company and Niassa Company ) who had received long-term leases from Lisbon.

By the late 17th century, one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a slave trading ship.

By 1802 Russian colonists noted that " Boston " ( U. S .- based ) skippers were trading African slaves for otter pelts with the Tlingit people in Southeast Alaska.

By trading with Muslim states, Venice came to monopolise the spice trade in Europe between 1200 and 1500, through its dominance over Mediterranean seaways to ports such as Alexandria, after traditional overland connections were disrupted by Mongols and Turks.

By bringing more orders in-house, where clients can move big blocks of stock anonymously, brokers pay the exchanges less in fees and capture a bigger share of the $ 11 billion a year that institutional investors pay in trading commissions.

By September 1929, Hoover's administration had received protest notes from 23 trading partners, but threats of retaliatory actions were ignored.

By this time, Mozambique had become a Portuguese colony, but administration was left to the trading companies ( like Mozambique Company and Niassa Company ) who had received long-term leases from Lisbon.

By the start of the 20th century, the population exceeded 100, 000, and the city was the major trading and industrial center of the Volga region.

By 1848 Ben Leaton built Fort Leaton, sometimes called the largest adobe structure in Texas, on the river as his home, trading post, and private bastion.

By this time, industry in Houma consisted largely of plantations for sugar cane, the harvesting of seafood, fur trading and logging industries.

By 1834, the trading post had grown in popularity and was relocated to the Straight River, one mile ( 1. 6 km ) upstream of its junction with the Cannon River, the site of modern-day Faribault.

By 1800, the fort had been abandoned, and Hamilton was becoming an agricultural and regional trading town.

By 1945, Vanderbilt had a population of 300 and about 10 stores and trading posts.

By the completeness theorem of first-order logic, a statement is universally valid if and only if it can be deduced from the axioms, so the can also be viewed as asking for an algorithm to decide whether a given statement is provable from the axioms using the rules of logic.

By establishing output expectations, the completeness and accuracy of the specification is also a part of the targeted improvement.

By ordering the solids correctly — octahedron, icosahedron, dodecahedron, tetrahedron, cube — Kepler found that the spheres could be placed at intervals corresponding ( within the accuracy limits of available astronomical observations ) to the relative sizes of each planet ’ s path, assuming the planets circle the Sun.

By reviewing the article, though limited to the accuracy of his record, Grant implicitly opened the door for the nomination despite the precarious financial prospects in his future.

By the same token, the arrival time of the impactor must be known to this accuracy in order to forecast the impact at all, and to determine how to affect its velocity.

By the second half of the 20th century, the accurate measurement of star positions from the ground was running into essentially insurmountable barriers to improvements in accuracy, especially for large-angle measurements and systematic terms.

By this time the LORAN-C and Decca Navigator systems were dominant in the medium-range roles, and short-range was well served by VOR and DME. The expense of the clocks, lack of need, and the limited accuracy of a long wave system eliminated the need for such a system for many roles.

We Have No Bananas ", and invocations of foreign lands with emphasis on general feel of exoticism rather than geographic or anthropological accuracy, such as " Oh By Jingo!

By using a digital clock an accuracy of 0. 2 second is possible.

" By contrast, young Earth Creationists contend that moral and spiritual matters in the Bible are intimately connected with its historical accuracy ; in their view, the Bible stands or falls as a single indivisible block of knowledge.

By using two images of the same scene obtained from slightly different angles, it is possible to triangulate the distance to an object with a high degree of accuracy.

By using eccentrics and epicycles, his geometrical model achieved greater mathematical detail and predictive accuracy than had been exhibited by earlier concentric spherical models of the cosmos.

' ... By valuing sensationalism over accuracy in its teaser, Haaretz practiced irresponsible journalism.

By the early 1960s their capability against modern aircraft and missiles was limited ; a lack of fast-reacting mounts, gunsight radars of limited accuracy and long settling times for the fire control systems all meant that the guns were unlikely to be able to respond effectively.

By using an orthogonal design method, ants in the feasible domain can explore their chosen regions rapidly and efficiently, with enhanced global search capability and accuracy.

By his excellent judgment and keen understanding of attack problems, he aided immeasurably in sending torpedoes into targets with deadly accuracy and contributed to the sinking of three Japanese cargo ships, one large transport, a hostile tanker, three patrol frigates, and one lugger, totaling 28, 000 tons of shipping vital to the enemy's ability to prosecute the war.

By the start of 1944, the bulk of Bomber Command was bombing within 3 miles of the PFF indicators ; an appreciable improvement in accuracy since 1942.

By comparing it to the Remington M1867, which was the standard issue rifle in the Norwegian Army, as well as against the standard service rifles of Germany, France and the United Kingdom at the time it is clear that the Jarmann indeed was an excellent weapon for its time, particularly in its accuracy and range.

By the 4th century, their mathematical methods had progressed enough to calculate future planetary positions with reasonable accuracy, at which point extensive ephemerides began to appear.

By the mid-17th century, when the pendulum replaced the foliot, the best verge and foliot clocks had achieved an accuracy of 15 minutes per day.

By the next summer, the experimental setup had been developed into a real prototype machine known as the Darmstadt, which offered a range accuracy of 50 m at 5 km, not nearly enough for gun laying.

By contrast, in the chemical etch process, the quality of a circuit board depends on the accuracy and / or quality of the photomasking and the state of the etching chemicals.

By listening for the return pulses, the distance to the plane could be calculated with fairly good accuracy.

By 1909, apart from a mechanical accuracy of length, there seemed nothing at all in Hearne's bowling.

By reducing all these maps to one scale this final form was arrived at, so that this map of these lands is regarded by seamen as accurate and as reliable as the accuracy and reliability of the Seven Seas on the aforesaid maps.