MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2 encoding was derived from the MUSICAM ( Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing ) audio codec, developed by Centre commun d ' études de télévision et télécommunications ( CCETT ), Philips, and Institut für Rundfunktechnik ( IRT ) in 1989 as part of the EUREKA 147 pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of a system for the broadcasting of audio and data to fixed, portable or mobile receivers ( established in 1987 ).

CCETT ( France ), IRT ( Germany ) and Philips ( The Netherlands ) won an Emmy Award in Engineering 2000 for development of a digital audio two-channel compression system known as Musicam or MPEG Audio Layer II.

CCETT / France Télécom R & D contributed to various international standards, such as ISO / IEC MPEG and JPEG standards or DAB and DVB standards.

The modulation system was based on that used in a Swedish paging system and the baseband coding was a new design, mainly developed by the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the IRT.

Latent trait models were developed in the field of sociology, but are virtually identical to IRT models.

The latent trait / IRT model was originally developed using normal ogives, but this was considered too computationally demanding for the computers at the time ( 1960s ).

In the United States, Zane's Post Road in Ohio and the IRT in New York City were both originally developed under more integrated delivery methods, as were most infrastructure projects until 1933.

The last two sessions focus on the imagery system and how IRT can reshape and eliminate nightmares through a relatively straightforward process akin to cognitive restructuring via the human imagery system.

It served as part of the IRT's main line until August 1, 1918, when the Dual Contracts ' " H system " was put into service, with through trains over the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line, and only shuttle trains under 42nd Street.

The former IRT lines ( the numbered lines in the current subway system ) are now the A Division or IRT Division of the Subway.

The system maintains two separate fleets of cars, one for the IRT lines, another for the BMT / IND lines.

This system started when the Lexington Avenue Line, was extended to 125th Street creating what is now referred to as the East Side Line, parallel but not connected by track to the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line.

This extension was part of an expansion of the subway system known as the Dual Contracts which built not only IRT lines in Brooklyn but also those for the BMT.

Pelham Bay Park is the last stop on the IRT Pelham Line (), which in Manhattan comprises the Lexington Avenue Local of the New York City Subway system.

The Steinway Tunnels that pass directly beneath the island are still used by the IRT Flushing Line ( trains ), part of the New York City Subway system.

In addition, a free out-of-system MetroCard transfer to 45th Road – Court House Square on the IRT Flushing Line was created at those two stations — one of only two such transfers in the system.

The Flushing Line is a rapid transit route of the New York City Subway system, operated as part of the IRT Division and designated the 7 route.

Each section of the system is assigned a unique line name, usually paired with its original operating company or division ( Brooklyn – Manhattan Transit Corporation ( BMT ), Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( IRT ), Independent Subway System ( IND )).

None of these structures remain today, but these lines later shared trackage with subway trains as part of the IRT system.

In June 1940, the transportation assets of the former BMT and IRT systems were taken over by the City of New York for operation by the City's Board of Transportation, which already operated the IND system.

The City immediately began to eliminate what it considered redundancy in the system, closing several elevated lines including the IRT Ninth Avenue Line and most of the IRT Second Avenue El in Manhattan, and the BMT Fifth and Third Avenue Lines and most of the BMT Fulton Street Line in Brooklyn.

The later extensions of the IRT, constituting the bulk of the system, were built to BMT dimensions, and so are of a profile that could support the use of IND / BMT sized equipment.

In addition, a free out-of-system MetroCard transfer to 45th Road – Court House Square () on the IRT Flushing Line was created at those two stations — one of only two such transfers in the system.

The history of PATH, originally known as the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad, predates the first underground line of the New York City Subway ( the IRT ).

In psychometrics, item response theory ( IRT ) also known as latent trait theory, strong true score theory, or modern mental test theory, is a paradigm for the design, analysis, and scoring of tests, questionnaires, and similar instruments measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables.

It became known as the IND after unification of the subway lines in 1940 ; the name IND was assigned to match the three-letter initialisms of the IRT and BMT.

The R36 World's Fair ( also known as R36 WF ) New York City Subway cars were built in 1963-1964 by the St. Louis Car Company in St. Louis, Missouri for the IRT division ( also known as the A Division ).

City Hall, also known as City Hall Loop, was the original southern terminal station of the first line of the New York City Subway, built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( IRT ), named the " Manhattan Main Line ", and now part of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.

77th Street ( also known as 77th Street – Lenox Hill Hospital ) is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of Lexington Avenue and 77th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.

The Control house, known as the Bowling Green IRT Control House or Battery Park Control House, is located near the southern end of Broadway.

69th Street ( also known as 69th Street – Fisk Avenue ) is a local station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway.

52nd Street ( also known as 52nd Street – Lincoln Avenue ) is a local station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway.

The R36 ( or R36 ML ) was a class of New York City Subway cars built in 1964 by the St. Louis Car Company, St. Louis, Missouri for the IRT division ( also known as the A Division ).

Prior to the discontinuance of BMT services in 1949, the portion of the IRT Flushing Line between Times Square and Queensboro Plaza was known as the Queensboro Line.

The IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line ( also known as the Seventh Avenue Line ) is a New York City Subway line.

Former IRT services ( now known as A Division ) are assigned numbers, and former BMT and IND services ( now known as B Division ) are assigned letters.

The line is also known as the IRT East Side Line, as it is currently the only line in Manhattan to directly serve the Upper East Side and East Midtown ; this four-track line is the most used rapid transit line in the United States.

The IRT Third Avenue Line, commonly known as the Third Avenue El, was an elevated railway in Manhattan and the Bronx, New York City.

The 240th Street Yard, also known as Van Cortlandt or VC Yard, is located at 5911 Broadway in the Bronx, serving the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line.

Cortlandt Street ( also known as Cortlandt Street – World Trade Center ) is a temporarily closed station on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway.

Even during World War II, which gave a reprieve to the closure of most rail transit in the US, some closures continued, including the remainder of the IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan ( 1942 ) and the surviving BMT elevated services over the Brooklyn Bridge ( 1944 ).