`` Tact '', by its very derivation, implies that its possessor keeps in touch with other people, but the author of Clericis Laicos and Unam Sanctam, the wielder of the two swords, the papal sun of which the imperial moon was but a dim reflection, the peer of Caesar and vice-regent of Christ, was so high above other human beings that he had forgotten what they were like.

Having no living legitimate children, Caesar had adopted his great-nephew Octavius as his son and main heir.

Mark Antony later charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favours, though Suetonius, in his work Lives of the Twelve Caesars, describes Antony's accusation as political slander.

Julius Caesar in Gallic Wars tells us ( 1. 51 ) that Ariovistus had gathered an army from a wide region of Germany, but especially the Harudes, Marcomanni, Triboci, Vangiones, Nemetes and Sedusii.

From the marriage of Julia and Agrippa, Agrippina had four full-blood siblings: a sister Julia the Younger and three brothers: Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar and Agrippa Postumus.

According to Suetonius who had cited from Pliny the Elder, Agrippina had borne to Germanicus, a son called Gaius Julius Caesar who had a lovable character.

She had three elder brothers, Nero Caesar, Drusus Caesar and the future Emperor Caligula, and two younger sisters, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla.

Bryennios had been made kaisar ( Caesar ) and received the newly-created title of panhypersebastos (" honoured above all "), and remained loyal to both Alexios and John.

Bibulus, whom Pompey had appointed to command his 600-ship fleet, set up a massive blockade to prevent Caesar from crossing to Greece and to prevent any aid to Italy.

This caused Caesar to remark, " The day was theirs had there been anyone among them to take it.

Caesar had the following legions with him:

Caesar knew this would be his last stand as they had run out of supplies and with no lines of retreat they would be at Pompey's mercy and likely slaughtered if they lost the battle.

Caesar had won his greatest victory, having lost only about 1, 200 soldiers and 30 centurions.

Pompey's assassination had deprived Caesar of his ultimate public relations moment and pardoning his most ardent rival.

According to Tacitus, they drew inspiration from the example of Arminius, the prince of the Cherusci who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven Julius Caesar from Britain.

Both Octavian and Mark Antony had fought against their common enemies in the civil war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar.

In fact, according to a widespread belief, Mark Antony had once offered a crown to Julius Caesar.

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

Carter argues in The Battle of Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar that Antony knew he was surrounded and had nowhere to run.

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul ( France ), which he had conquered.

The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC, and Roman forces under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58 – 51 BC.

Later, the Consul of Gaul — Julius Caesar — conquered all of Gaul.

Caesar treated this as an aggressive move and, after an inconclusive engagement against the united tribes, he conquered the tribes piecemeal.

Mercury in particular was reported as becoming extremely popular among the nations the Roman Empire conquered ; Julius Caesar wrote of Mercury being the most popular god in Britain and Gaul, regarded as the inventor of all the arts.

Julius Caesar conquered the tribes on the left bank, and Augustus established numerous fortified posts on the Rhine, but the Romans never succeeded in gaining a firm footing on the right bank.

But in secret he forged an alliance of Germanic tribes that had traditionally been enemies ( the Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci, Sicambri, and remaining elements of the Suebi, who had been defeated by Caesar in the Battle of Vosges ), but whom he was able to unite due to outrage over Varus ' tyrannous insolence and wanton cruelty to the conquered and who had hitherto submitted in sullen hatred to the Roman dominion.

Some English editions state that Astérix's village of indomitable Gauls is the " fourth part " of Gaul, not yet having been conquered by Caesar.

Julius Caesar conquered the tribes on the left bank, and Augustus established numerous fortified posts on the Rhine, but the Romans never succeeded in gaining a firm footing on the right bank.

* Pannonia is attacked by Octavian Caesar ; who conquered and sacked the stronghold Siscia ( Sisak ) of the Segestani, which is taken after a 30-day siege.

It was conquered and destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, then rebuilt under the Roman Empire.

In the 50s BC, Aquitania was conquered by lieutenants of Julius Caesar and became part of the Roman Empire.

When Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in the 1st century BC, the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire.

The region was conquered by the Romans under Julius Caesar about 50 BC.

Lucullus conquered Sinope for Rome in 70 BC, and Julius Caesar established a Roman colony there, Colonia Julia Felix, in 47 BC.

Old French began when the Roman Empire conquered Gaul during the campaigns of Julius Caesar, which were almost complete by 51 BC.

Caesar himself, in a letter to a friend in Rome, said of the short war: “ Veni, vidi, vici ” (“ I came, I saw, I conquered ”).

The right of founding colonies was taken away from the people by Julius Caesar, and passed into the hands of the Roman emperors, who used it mainly in the provinces for the exclusive purpose of establishing military settlements, partly with the old idea of securing conquered territory.

Gaul was conquered for the Romans by Julius Caesar between 58 and 53 BC.

The Bellovaci were among the most powerful and numerous of the Belgic tribes of north-eastern Gaul conquered by Julius Caesar in 57 BC.

Caesar established his camp in the plain of Tolosa in 52 BC, and from there he conquered the western regions of Aquitania.

In 56 BC the area was conquered by the Romans under Julius Caesar.

They were conquered in 57 BC by Julius Caesar.

However, after Armorica was conquered by Julius Caesar in 56 BC, the trade dried up ; the Romans re-arranged trade with Britain to the profit of their allies, the Trinovantes, in Essex.