Caliph Al-Walid I had paid great attention to the expansion of an organized military, building the strongest navy in the Umayyad Caliphate era ( the second major Arab dynasty after Mohammad and the first Arab dynasty of Al-Andalus ).

Caliph Al-Walid I's reign is considered as the apex of Islamic power, though Islamic power in Spain specifically climaxed in the 10th century under Abd-ar-Rahman III.

The rulers of Al-Andalus were granted the rank of Emir by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in Damascus.

After the establishment of a local Emirate, Caliph Al-Walid I, ruler of the Umayyad caliphate, removed many of the successful Muslim commanders.

* Al-Walid ibn Abd Al-Malik, Caliph of Islamic Empire

The tomb of Prophet Muhammad later became part of the mosque when it was expanded by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I.

In 711, Tariq ibn Ziyad, under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, led a large army from the north coast of Morocco on April 29 711.

As a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph Al-Walid I ( 711 – 750 ); the Emirate of Córdoba ( c. 750 – 929 ); the Caliphate of Córdoba ( 929 – 1031 ); and the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa ( successor ) kingdoms.

In 707, Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ( 705-715 ) replaced the old structure and built a larger one in its place, incorporating the tomb of Muhammad.

Muhammad bin Qasim had begun preparations for further expansions when Hajjaj died, as did Caliph Al-Walid I, who was succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, who then took revenge against all who had been close to Hajjaj.

After his conversion, he is said to have traveled to Damascus to personally swear allegiance to the Umayyad Caliph, Al-Walid I.

Accession of Al-Walid I as Umayyad Caliph.

Al-Walid II becomes Umayyad Caliph.

It never recovered as a port, but Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, Ummayad Caliph from 705-715, built a fortress in the city.

Ummayad Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik is often credited with building the first bimaristan in Damascus in 707 AD.

Maslamah was the son of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and half-brother of the caliphs Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Yazid II and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

After the peace treaty with Ali's son, Hassan ibn Ali, and the suppression of the revolt of the Kharijites, Muawiyah I proclaimed himself Caliph in 661 and began consolidating power.

* 645 – Yazid I, Arabian Caliph ( d. 683 )

* 680 – Battle of Karbala: Hussain bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated by forces under Caliph Yazid I.

However, the death of the Caliph al-Walid I in 715 gave Anastasius an opportunity to turn the tables on the enemy.

He is succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali but abdicated the Caliph to Muawiyah I.

* Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated ; with his assassination the Rashidun Caliphate ends and Muawiyah I founds the Umayyad caliphate.

* Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I begins the Great Mosque of Damascus.

* Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I is succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, conquers Egypt and declares himself Caliph.

The Caliph of Tunis, Muhammad I al-Mustansir had been a vassal of Sicily, but had shaken off his allegiance with the fall of Manfred.

** Al-Hakim I, Caliph of Cairo

* July 29 – Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph

The Umayyad dynasty was expelled, driven back to Al-Andalus where Abd ar-Rahman I established an emirate in Córdoba in opposition to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.

During World War I, the Afghan government was contacted by the Ottoman Turkey and Germany, through the Niedermayer-Hentig Mission, to join the Central Allies on behalf of the Caliph in a Jihad ; some revolutionaries and Afghan leaders including a brother of the Amir named Nasrullah Khan were in favour of the delegation and wanted the Amir to declare Jihad.

In 715 the Umayyads led by the Caliph al-Walid I, rebuilt the Temple's nearby Chanuyot into a mosque ( see illustrations and detailed drawing ) which they named al-Masjid al-Aqsa المسجد الأقصى, the al-Aqsa Mosque or in translation " the furthest mosque ", corresponding to the Islamic belief of Muhammad's miraculous nocturnal journey as recounted in the Qur ' an and hadith.

Abbas Ibn Firnas ( d. 887 ) is thought to have produced another instrument with rings ( armillary sphere ) in 9th century which he gifted to Caliph Muhammad I ( ruled 852-886 ).

Muawiyah I ( ; 602 – 6 May 680 ) was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty.

In addition to such secular titles, the Ottoman sultan became the Caliph of Islam bearing the title Khalifeh ül-Rasul Rub al-A ’ alimin ( i. e. Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe ), starting with Selim I, who became Caliph in 1517 after Al-Mutawakkil III, the last of the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, formally surrendered the caliphal titles and regalia ( the sword, mantle and other relics of Muhammad ) to Selim in Constantinople the same year.

Hafsa, Muhammad's widow and Caliph Umar's daughter, was entrusted with that Quranic text after the second Caliph Umar died.

Caliph al-Mu ' tasim fell sick in October, 841 and died on 5 January 842.

The Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir himself died in Marrakech shortly after the battle, where he had fled after the defeat.

When the Prophet died in June 632, Abu Bakr was elected Caliph and his political successor.

Caliph Abu Bakr died in 634.

Muslim historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani quoted Berke as sending the following message to Mongke Khan, protesting the attack on Baghdad ( not knowing Mongke had died in China ): " He has sacked all the cities of the Muslims, and has brought about the death of the Caliph.

When al-Ma ' mun died, his brother, al-Mu ' tasim became Caliph.

Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi () ( born: 126 or 127 AH ; died: 169 AH ) ( born: 744 or 745 AD ; died: 785 AD ), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 158 AH to 169 AH ( 775 – 785 ).

Al-Hasan ibn ‘ Alī ibn Abī Tālib ()‎ ( born March 1, 625 CE ( Ramadhān 15th, 3 AH ) – died 669 CE ( Safar 7th or 28th, 50 AH ) aged 47 ) is an important figure in Islam, the son of Fatimah the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and of the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib.

In 826, Sahak allied with his ancient enemy-Sevada, the Qaisite emir of Manazkert-against the governor of Caliph, but he was defeated and died in Kavakert.

Caliph Al-Hakam II died in 976 and Ibn Abi Amir was instrumental in securing the succession of the young Hisham II, aged twelve, to the throne.

On his way to solve the unrest in Khorasan in 808, the Abbasid Caliph Harun Al-Rashid fell ill and died in Tus.

Al-Khayzuran bint Atta () ( died 789 ) was the wife of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mahdi and mother of both Caliphs Al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid, the most famous of the Abbasids.

When Fatima bint Asad ( mother of the 4th Caliph Ali ) died, Prophet Muhammad chose her as the guardian of Hazrat Fatimah.

He was then shut up in a room alone without food or water ; and so after three days the wretched Caliph died, at the early age of twenty-four.

Al-Muqtadir () ( born 895 AD ( 282 AH ), died 31 October 932 AD ( 320 AH )) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 908 AD to 932 AD ( 295 AH-320 AH ).

Of such little importance the Caliphate had become by now that when the previous Caliph al-Radi died, Bajkam, amir al-umara ( Amir of Amirs ), contented himself with despatching to Baghdad his secretary, who assembled the chief men to elect a successor.

* Al-Mustansir ( caliph ) ( died 1242 ) (), the penultimate Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1226 to 1242.

Muhammad died in June 632, and Abu Bakr was appointed Caliph and political successor at Medina.

Caliph Ma ' ad al-Mustansir Billah died soon afterwards, and al-Afdal appointed as caliph al-Musta ' li, a child, instead of al-Mustali's much older brother Nizar.

In 945, as Abū Yazīd besieged Sousse, Caliph al-Qā ' im died and was succeeded by his son al-Mansur.