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Page "Carbon" ¶ 13
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Carbides and are
Carbides of the actinide elements, which have stoichiometry MC < sub > 2 </ sub > and M < sub > 2 </ sub > C < sub > 3 </ sub >, are also described as salt-like derivatives of C < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup > 2 –</ sup >.
Carbides are binary compounds of carbon with an element that is less electronegative than it.

Carbides and .
Carbides can be generally classified by chemical bonding type as follows: ( i ) salt-like, ( ii ) covalent compounds, ( iii ) interstitial compounds, and ( iv ) " intermediate " transition metal carbides.
Carbides of this class decompose in water producing methane.
In 1981-84 Elkem acquired Union Carbides plants in Norway and North America and in 1986 it acquires the plants at Thamshavn and Bjølvefossen.
Carbides also form upon high temperature treatment of Cr < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub > with carbon.

silicon and tungsten
These materials include: silicon, carbon fiber, carbon nanofibers, filaments, carbon nanotubes, SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >, silicon-germanium, tungsten, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, titanium nitride, and various high-k dielectrics.
The modern ceramic materials, which are classified as advanced ceramics, include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide.
Examples include calcium carbide, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide ( often called simply carbide ), and cementite, each used in key industrial applications.
Alumina, silicon carbide, and tungsten carbide are made from a fine powder of their constituents in a process of sintering with a binder.
In electronics, tungsten is used as an interconnect material in integrated circuits, between the silicon dioxide dielectric material and the transistors.
It is used in metallic films, which replace the wiring used in conventional electronics with a coat of tungsten ( or molybdenum ) on silicon.
The problem of short lifetime was traced to evaporation of silicon, used in the tungsten alloy to make the heater wire easier to draw.
Brattain's concerns at Bell Laboratories in the years before World War II were first in the surface physics of tungsten and later in the surfaces of the semiconductors cuprous oxide and silicon.
Typical metals used are molybdenum, platinum, chromium or tungsten ; and the semiconductor would typically be N-type silicon.
A common combination consists of a hard material, such as silicon carbide, Ceramic or tungsten carbide, embedded in the pump casing and a softer material, such as carbon in the rotating seal assembly.
The American Iron and Steel Institute ( AISI ) defines carbon steel as the following: " Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect ; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 1. 04 percent ; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1. 65, silicon 0. 60, copper 0. 60.
In addition to aluminum and copper, CMP processes have been developed for polishing tungsten, silicon dioxide, and ( recently ) carbon nanotubes.
During his PhD Alec rebuilt the SEM fitting a magnetic final lens in place of the original electrostatic lens thereby improving the microscope ’ s resolution to about 10 nm, and after examining ion etched surfaces, used the microscope ’ s electron beam for the first time to write patterns, subsequently using ion etching to transfer these patterns into gold, tungsten and silicon structures as small as 40 nm.
Current brain implants are made from a variety of materials such as tungsten, silicon, platinum-iridium, or even stainless steel.
The Bailey system utilized a mixture of tungsten and silicon oxides at temperatures as high as 450 ° C.

silicon and boron
Plants need boron and silicon, but animals may not ( or may need ultra-small amounts ).
The carbides of silicon and boron are described as " covalent carbides ", although virtually all compounds of carbon exhibit some covalent character.
Both silicon carbide ( also known as carborundum ) and boron carbide are very hard materials and refractory.
nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, selenium, silicon and arsenic at elevated temperatures, forming binary compounds.
The network formers ( silicon, boron, germanium ) form a highly cross-linked network of chemical bonds.
At higher temperatures, hafnium reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon.
It does not react with boron, silicon or carbon, and the corresponding boride, silicide or carbide are not known.
Lanthanum combines with nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, selenium, silicon and arsenic at elevated temperatures, forming binary compounds.
In addition to the traditional metals, lanthanides, actinides, and semimetals, elements such as boron, silicon, arsenic, and selenium are considered to form organometallic compounds, e. g. organoborane compounds such as triethylborane ( Et < sub > 3 </ sub > B ).
This is typically achieved in crystalline silicon by adding impurities of boron or phosphorus to the melt and then allowing it to solidify into the crystal.
Therefore, a silicon crystal doped with boron creates a p-type semiconductor whereas one doped with phosphorus results in an n-type material.
Doping a semiconductor such as silicon with a small amount of impurity atoms, such as phosphorus or boron, greatly increases the number of free electrons or holes within the semiconductor.
Some fuels that can be used are aluminium, magnesium, titanium, zinc, silicon, boron, and others.
The oxidizers can be boron ( III ) oxide, silicon ( IV ) oxide, chromium ( III ) oxide, manganese ( IV ) oxide, iron ( III ) oxide, iron ( II, III ) oxide, copper ( II ) oxide, and lead ( II, III, IV ) oxide, and others.
Building on the work of Marie and Pierre, who had isolated naturally occurring radioactive elements, Joliot-Curies realized the alchemist ’ s dream of turning one element into another, creating radioactive nitrogen from boron and then radioactive isotopes of phosphorus from aluminum and silicon from magnesium.
The six elements commonly recognized as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.
James et al., on the other hand, listed twelve: boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, arsenic, selenium, antimony, tellurium, bismuth, polonium, ununpentium and livermorium.
The starting boron – carbon or silicon – carbon powders were placed in an electrically insulating tube and compressed by two rods which also served as electrodes for the current.
These " Chicken Plates " were made of either boron carbide, silicon carbide, or aluminium oxide.
Dopant impurity atoms such as boron or phosphorus can be added to the molten silicon in precise amounts to dope the silicon, thus changing it into p-type or n-type silicon.
The electrical characteristics of the silicon are controlled by adding material like phosphorus or boron to the silicon before it is melted.

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