Carboxylic acids () are organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group.

Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids because they are proton ( H < sup >+</ sup >) donors.

Carboxylic acids can be seen as reduced or alkylated forms of the Lewis acid carbon dioxide ; under some circumstances they can be decarboxylated to yield carbon dioxide.

Carboxylic acids are polar.

Carboxylic acids usually exist as dimeric pairs in nonpolar media due to their tendency to “ self-associate .” Smaller carboxylic acids ( 1 to 5 carbons ) are soluble in water, whereas higher carboxylic acids are less soluble due to the increasing hydrophobic nature of the alkyl chain.

Carboxylic acids tend to evaporate or boil as these dimers.

Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids, meaning that they only partially dissociate into H < sup >+</ sup > cations and RCOO < sup >–</ sup > anions in neutral aqueous solution.

Carboxylic acids can be esterified using diazomethane:

Category: Carboxylic acids

** Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids form dimers by hydrogen bonding of the acidic hydrogen and the carbonyl oxygen when anhydrous.

Category: Carboxylic acids

Category: Carboxylic acids

Category: Carboxylic acids

Category: Carboxylic acids

Category: Carboxylic acids

Category: Carboxylic acids

Category: Carboxylic acids

Category: Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids easily dissociate into a carboxylate anion and a positively charged hydrogen ion ( proton ), much more readily than alcohols do ( into an alkoxide ion and a proton ), because the carboxylate ion is stabilized by resonance.

Carboxylic acids ( cinnamic, valeric and caproic acid ) and their esters were present in traces.

Carboxylic acid Dimer ( chemistry ) | dimers

EC 3. 1. 1 Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases

*-OOCR, the functional group that identifies the Carboxylic acid anhydride family of organic compounds.

Carboxylic acid Dimer ( chemistry ) | dimer s.

Carboxylic acid and alcohol end groups are thus concentrated in the amorphous region of the solid polymer, and so they can react.

Carboxylic acids 1 can be easily converted to acyl azides 3 using diphenylphosphoryl azide 2.

Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as ( nitric acid ) and ( sulphuric acid ), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids ( HF, HCl, HBr, and HI ), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning " acid-former " ( from the Greek οξυς ( oxys ) meaning " acid " or " sharp " and γεινομαι ( geinomai ) meaning " engender ").

Some combinations of amino acids will tend to curl up in a coil called an α-helix or into a sheet called a β-sheet ; some α-helixes can be seen in the hemoglobin schematic above.

These longer chain acids tend to be rather soluble in less-polar solvents such as ethers and alcohols.

Amino acids that share the same biosynthetic pathway tend to have the same first base in their codons.

Amino acids with similar physical properties tend to have similar codons.

Because of their inability to serve both as hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, ketones tend not to " self-associate " and are more volatile than alcohols and carboxylic acids of comparable molecular weights.

Strong acids tend to have a weak conjugate base, and vice versa.

Archaeans tend to adapt quickly to extreme environments, such as high temperatures, high acids, high sulfur, etc.

If damage does occur to the chrome surface, food acids tend to penetrate and dissolve the metal substrate beneath the chrome coating, causing it to spall off.

ruminants tend to be continuously gluconeogenic ; consequently their hepatocytes must rely on such primary energy sources as volatile fatty acids, absorbed from the rumen, rather than glucose.

Thus, every third of four amino acids along the chain will tend to be hydrophobic, a pattern that can be quite readily detected.

Loops also tend to have charged and polar amino acids and are frequently a component of active sites.

High levels of glucagon will tend to release fatty acids from adipose tissue, and this will combine with glycerol that cannot be used in the liver, to make triacylglycerides causing a fatty liver.

In addition, even arbitrary sequences of amino acids tend to exhibit some hydrogen bonding and secondary structure.

Solid vehicles tend to be based on natural or modified rosin ( mostly abietic acid, pimaric acid, and other resin acids ) or natural or synthetic resins.

As sulfonic acids tend to be strong acids, the corresponding sulfonates are weak bases.

However, carboxylic acids tend to be less reactive than esters as electrophiles.

Hard acids and hard bases tend to have the following characteristics:

Soft acids and soft bases tend to have the following characteristics:

Vegetarian diets tend to be rich in carbohydrates, omega-6 fatty acids, dietary fibre, carotenoids, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, potassium and magnesium.