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; and Cardinal
Proponents of repeal argue that the clause is a bigoted anachronism ; Cardinal Winning, who was leader of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland, called the act an " insult " to Catholics.
When Angelo Cardinal Roncalli was elected and became Pope John, there was some confusion as to whether he would be John XXIII or John XXIV ; he then declared that he was John XXIII to put this question to rest.
By this time Naples seems to have become tired of his music ; the Romans, however, appreciated it better, and it was at the Teatro Capranica in Rome that he produced some of his finest operas ( Telemaco, 1718 ; Marco Attilio Regolò, 1719 ; La Griselda, 1721 ), as well as some noble specimens of church music, including a mass for chorus and orchestra, composed in honor of Saint Cecilia for Cardinal Acquaviva in 1721.
He ordained further that some should be called " Abbreviators of the Upper Bar " ( Abbreviatores de Parco Majori ; the name derived from a space in the chancery, surrounded by a grating, in which the officials sat, which is called higher or lower ( major or minor ) according to the proximity of the seats to that of the vice-chancellor ), the others of the Lower Bar ( Abbreviatores de Parco Minori ); that the former should sit upon a slightly raised portion of the chamber, separated from the rest of the hall or chamber by lattice work, assist the Cardinal Vice-Chancellor, subscribe the letters and have the principal part in examining, revising, and expediting the apostolic letters to be issued with the leaden seal ; that the latter, however, should sit among the apostolic writers upon benches in the lower part of the chamber, and their duty was to carry the signed schedules or supplications to the prelates of the upper bar.
A well-known instance of the " John Cardinal Doe " style is that in the proclamation, in Latin, of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: " Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum ; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum ( first name ) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem ( last name ), ..." ( Meaning: " I announce to you a great joy ; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord ( first name ) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church ( last name ), ...")
* Georges Marie Martin Cardinal Cottier ( Theologian emeritus of the Pontifical Household ; he is over 80 and therefore won't be able to participate in any future Conclave )
Following his accession to the papacy, Urban VIII is reported to have said, " Your luck is great to see Cardinal Maffeo Barberini Pope, Cavaliere ; but ours is much greater to have Cavalier Bernini alive in our pontificate.
Cardinal Grimani and other dignitaries, both of the state and of the Church, studied Hebrew and the Cabala with Jewish teachers ; even the warrior Guido Rangoni attempted the Hebrew language with the aid of Jacob Mantino ( 1526 ).
Pope Martin V, who while still Cardinal Otto of Colonna, had attacked Huss with relentless severity, energetically resumed the battle against Huss's teaching after the enactments of the Council of Constance, seeking to eradicate completely the doctrine of Huss, for which purpose the co-operation of King Wenceslaus had to be obtained ; in 1418, Sigismund succeeded in winning his brother over to the standpoint of the council by pointing out the inevitability of a religious war if the heretics in Bohemia found further protection.
In the 16th century Sixtus V bisected Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere with a cross-wing to house the Apostolic Library in suitable magnificence. The 16th and 17th centuries saw other privately endowed libraries assembled in Rome: the Vallicelliana, formed from the books of Saint Filippo Neri, with other distinguished libraries such as that of Cesare Baronio, the Biblioteca Angelica founded by the Augustinian Angelo Rocca, which was the only truly public library in Counter-Reformation Rome ; the Biblioteca Alessandrina with which Pope Alexander VII endowed the University of Rome ; the Biblioteca Casanatense of the Cardinal Girolamo Casanate ; and finally the Biblioteca Corsiniana founded by the bibliophile Clement XII Corsini and his nephew Cardinal Neri Corsini, still housed in Palazzo Corsini in via della Lungara. The Republic of Venice patronized the foundation of the Biblioteca Marciana, based on the library of Cardinal Basilios Bessarion. In Milan Cardinal Federico Borromeo founded the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.

; and Roman
We know that the Saxon Shore was a phenonenon of late Roman defensive policy ; ;
There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal ' a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire ; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town ; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins ; M ' Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis ; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel.
Apollo ( Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek:, Apollōn ( gen .: ); Doric:, Apellōn ; Arcadocypriot:, Apeilōn ; Aeolic:, Aploun ; ) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in ancient Greek and Roman religion, Greek and Roman mythology, and Greco – Roman Neopaganism.
Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory ; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.
* Smith, William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London ( 1873 ).
* 1329 – The Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is erected by Pope John XXII ; the French-born Jordanus is appointed the first Bishop.
* Smith, William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London ( 1873 ).
Some historians define and minimize the Arian conflict as the exclusive construct of Arius and a handful of rogue bishops engaging in heresy ; but others recognize Arius as a defender of ' original ' Christianity, or as providing a conservative response against the politicization of Christianity seeking union with the Roman Empire.
Although he was not an innovator, he would not follow the absolute letter of the law ; rather he was driven by concerns over humanity and equality, and introduced into Roman law many important new principles based upon this notion.

; and Catholicism
The Catholic Church does recognise as valid ( though illicit ) ordinations done by breakaway Catholic, Old Catholic or Oriental bishops, and groups descended from them ; it also regards as both valid and licit those ordinations done by bishops of the Eastern churches, so long as those receiving the ordination conform to other canonical requirements ( for example, is an adult male ) and an orthodox rite of episcopal ordination, expressing the proper functions and sacramental status of a bishop, is used ; this has given rise to the phenomenon of episcopi vagantes ( for example, clergy of the Independent Catholic groups which claim apostolic succession, though this claim is rejected by both Orthodoxy and Catholicism ).
The Holy See accepts as valid the ordinations of the Old Catholics in communion with Utrecht, as well as the Polish National Catholic Church ( which received its orders directly from Utrecht, and was — until recently — part of that communion ); but Roman Catholicism does not recognise the orders of any group whose teaching is at variance with what they consider the core tenets of Christianity ; this is the case even though the clergy of the Independent Catholic groups may use the proper ordination ritual.
* Froehle, Bryan ; Gautier, Mary, Global Catholicism, Portrait of a World Church, Orbis books ; Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, Georgetown University ( 2003 ) ISBN = 1-57075-375-X
In Catholicism, marriage has two ends: the good of the spouses themselves, and the procreation and education of children ( 1983 code of canon law, c. 1055 ; 1994 catechism, par. 2363 ).
In 1747 he wrote the Promenade du sceptique, an allegory pointing first at the extravagances of Catholicism ; second, at the vanity of the pleasures of the world which is the rival of the church ; and third, at the desperate and unfathomable uncertainty of the philosophy which professes to be so high above both church and world.
Mary set about trying to restore Roman Catholicism by making sure that: Edward's religious laws were abolished in the Statute of Repeal Act ( 1553 ); the Protestant religious laws passed in the time of Henry VIII were repealed ; and the Revival of the Heresy Acts were passed in 1554.
Like many members of older established aristocratic families in England, Oxford flirted with Catholicism ; after his return from Italy he was reported to have embraced the religion.
William had already acquired the reputation of being the main champion in Europe of the Protestant cause against Catholicism and French absolutism ; in the developing English crisis he saw an opportunity to prevent an Anglo-French alliance and bring England to the anti-French side, by carrying out a military intervention directed against James.
Some hymns praise or address individual saints, particularly the Blessed Virgin Mary ; such hymns are particularly prevalent in Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and to some extent " High Church " Anglicanism.
During the 19th century the gospel-song genre spread rapidly in Protestantism and, to a lesser but still definite extent, in Roman Catholicism ; the gospel-song genre is unknown in the worship per se by Eastern Orthodox churches, which rely exclusively on traditional chants ( a type of hymn ).
The marriage was unpopular with the English ; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear of Catholicism.
In the American Southwest, especially New Mexico, a syncretism between the Catholicism brought by Spanish missionaries and the native religion is common ; the religious drums, chants, and dances of the Pueblo people are regularly part of Masses at Santa Fe's Saint Francis Cathedral.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, barbarian tribes were converted to Arian Christianity or Catholicism ; Clovis I, king of the Franks, was the first important barbarian ruler to convert to Catholicism rather than Arianism, allying himself with the papacy.
Roman Catholicism had become the sole recognized religion ; the powerful democratic Catholic Popular Party, in many ways similar to the Centre Party in Germany, had been disbanded, and in place of political Catholicism the Holy See encouraged Catholic Action, ' an anaemic form of clerically dominated religious rally-rousing.
Public Revelation, in Catholicism, is part of the Deposit of Faith, the revelation of which was completed by Jesus ; whereas Private Revelation does not add to the Deposit.
Since the 18th century, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some wealthy or ennobled families embraced Catholicism, including branches of the Asquith, Bellingham ( Ireland ), Bowyer ( England ), Calvert ( Maryland ), Cary-Elwes / Elwes ( since 1872 ), Feilding ( England ), Forbes ( Ireland ), Leslie ( Ireland ), Fraser ( Scotland ), Lane-Fox, Meynell, Noel ( Gainsborough ), Ashton Case ( or Ashton-Case ; England ), Radcliffe ( England ), Monckton, Pakenham ( Ireland ), Pontifex ( England ), Crichton-Stuart ( Scotland ) and Strickland ( Counts of Catena, Malta ) families.
The program of dechristianisation waged against Catholicism, and eventually against all forms of Christianity, included the deportation or execution of clergy ; the closing of churches ; the rise of cults and the institution of a civic religion ; the large scale destruction of religious monuments ; the outlawing of public and private worship and religious education ; the forced abjurement of priests of their vows and forced marriages of the clergy ; the word " saint " being removed from street names ; and the War in the Vendée.

; and cardinal
It is also consistent with ZF + DC that every set of reals is Lebesgue measurable ; however, this consistency result, due to Robert M. Solovay, cannot be proved in ZFC itself, but requires a mild large cardinal assumption ( the existence of an inaccessible cardinal ).
As the three cardinal doctrines of Judaism, Abba Mari accentuates: ( 1 ) That of the recognition of God's existence and of His absolute sovereignty, eternity, unity, and incorporeality, as taught in revelation, especially in the Decalogue ; ( 2 ) that of the world's creation by Him out of nothing, as evidenced particularly by the Sabbath ; ( 3 ) that of the special providence of God, as manifested in the Biblical miracles.
However the influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, largely reemerged via cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements ; there even developed traditions entitling certain monarchs — e. g. of Austria, Spain, and Portugal — to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.
Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, composed of six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons ; however, Pope John XXIII began to exceed the overall limit of 70, and this continued under his successors.
A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope ; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore.
If κ is an infinite cardinal number, then cf ( κ ) is the least cardinal such that there is an unbounded function from it to κ ; and cf ( κ ) = the cardinality of the smallest collection of sets of strictly smaller cardinals such that their sum is κ ; more precisely
Cesare Borgia (;, ; 13 September 1475 or April 1476 – 12 March 1507 ), Duke of Valentinois, was an Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal.
One of the cardinal principles of his method was the recognition that any given symptom may appear in virtually any one of these disorders ; e. g., there is almost no single symptom occurring in dementia praecox which cannot sometimes be found in manic-depression.
His notation for the cardinal numbers was the Hebrew letter ( aleph ) with a natural number subscript ; for the ordinals he employed the Greek letter ω ( omega ).
The cardinal qualities of the style of Homer are well articulated by Matthew Arnold: he translator of Homer should above all be penetrated by a sense of four qualities of his author :— that he is eminently rapid ; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words ; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas ; and finally, that he is eminently noble.

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