* 1777 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician ( d. 1855 )

Austrian Economics in Transition: From Carl Menger to Friedrich Hayek ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2010 ) 339 pages

* 1794 – Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist ( d. 1868 )

Armida was translated into German and widely performed, especially in the northern German states, where it helped to establish Salieri's reputation as an important and innovative modern composer It would also be the first opera to receive a serious preparation in a piano and vocal reduction by Carl Friedrich Cramer in 1783.

It was based on an earlier code developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber in 1834.

The best known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven ; other notable names include Luigi Boccherini, Muzio Clementi, Antonio Soler, Antonio Salieri, François Joseph Gossec, Johann Stamitz, Carl Friedrich Abel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Christoph Willibald Gluck.

Franz Schubert is also something of a transitional figure, as are Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Mauro Giuliani, Friedrich Kuhlau, Fernando Sor, Luigi Cherubini, Jan Ladislav Dussek, and Carl Maria von Weber.

An example of the agnostic view is given by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, who, while participating in a colloquium at Cambridge, denied that the Copenhagen interpretation asserted: " What cannot be observed does not exist.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (;, ) ( 30 April 177723 February 1855 ) was a German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.

Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Braunschweig ( Brunswick ), in the Duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, now part of Lower Saxony, Germany, as the son of poor working-class parents.

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* 1774 – British scientist Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen gas, corroborating the prior discovery of this element by German-Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.

Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm Von Sydow argued against both Scandinavian translation and source material due to his theory that Beowulf is fundamentally Christian and written at a time when any Norse tale would have most likely been pagan in nature.

In the 1910s, Vesto Slipher ( and later Carl Wilhelm Wirtz ) interpreted the red shift of spiral nebulae as a Doppler shift that indicated they were receding from Earth.

The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it " dephlogisticated muriatic acid air ," having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid.

His inventions were based on the printing mechanism from Hughes ' instrument, a distributor invented by Bernard Meyer during 1871, and the five-unit code devised by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber.

* 1817 – Carl Wilhelm Borchardt, German mathematician ( d. 1880 )

Handel and his father travelled to Weissenfels to visit either Handel's half-brother, Carl, or nephew, Georg Christian, who was serving as valet to Duke Johann Adolf I. Handel and the duke convinced his father to allow him to take lessons in musical composition and keyboard technique from Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, the organist of Halle's Marienkirche.

Bach in Leipzig, such as Wilhelm Friedmann Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach and Johann Friedrich Agricola, as well as those composers who performed under his direction in Leipzig ( Christoph Graupner, Johann David Heinichen and Johann Georg Pisendel ), composers of the Berlin lieder school, and finally, his numerous pupils, none of whom, however, became major composers.

" Grimm, Jakob Ludwig Carl " and " Grimm, Wilhelm Carl ".

His son, Karl Wilhelm Böttiger ( August 15, 1790-November 26, 1862 ; not to be confused with the Swedish writer Carl Wilhelm Böttiger ), was a historian and biographer of his father.

By the mid-18th century, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used pyrolusite to produce chlorine.

Molybdenum minerals have been known into prehistory, but the element was " discovered " ( in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals ) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.

Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as burnt air or phlogisticated air.

Oxygen was independently discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first.

Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung, Wilhelm Reich and later by neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan and Jacques Lacan.

William Cooke and Professor Charles Wheatstone learned of the Wilhelm Weber and Carl Gauss electromagnetic telegraph in 1833, and reached the stage of launching a commercial telegraph prior to Morse, despite starting later.

In 1781, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid, tungstic acid, could be made from scheelite ( at the time named tungsten ).

However, some historians have disagreed with this claim, for instance the Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm von Sydow attacked Frazer's theories, claiming that the Yule log had never had any religious significance, and was instead simply a festive decoration with practical uses.

* Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Swedish chemist ( discovered oxygen )

* May 6 – Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber obtain permission to build an electromagnetic telegraph in Göttingen.

* December 9 – Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Swedish chemist ( d. 1785 )