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Page "RNA" ¶ 51
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Catalytic and molecules
* Catalytic reformer unit is used to convert the naphtha-boiling range molecules into higher octane reformate ( reformer product ).
* Catalytic reformer, a unit in an oil refinery that reforms lighter hydrocarbons into higher octane molecules and hydrogen

Catalytic and were
Catalytic converters were further developed by a series of engineers including John J. Mooney and Carl D. Keith at the Engelhard Corporation, creating the first production catalytic converter in 1973.
These were to be the final homologation cars for the Lancia Rally Team ; the Catalytic Evoluzione II ( below ) was never rallied by the factory.
In 2008 / 2009 AGCO, the Challenger, Valtra, and Massey Ferguson large row crop tractors were launched in Europe and North America respectively with AGCO's e3 Selective Catalytic Reduction ( SCR ) emission reduction technology.

Catalytic and 1980s
There is also a number of two-stage direct liquefaction processes ; however, after 1980s only the Catalytic Two-stage Liquefaction Process, modified from the H-Coal Process ; the Liquid Solvent Extraction Process by British Coal ; and the Brown Coal Liquefaction Process of Japan have been developed.

Catalytic and leading
In October 2010 Johnson Matthey acquired InterCAT, a leading supplier of Fluid Catalytic Cracking additives for the petroleum refining industry, for $ 56. 2 million.

Catalytic and .
Catalytic oxidation with oxygen or the reaction with percarboxylic acids yields epoxides.
Catalytic reactions have a lower rate-limiting free energy of activation than the corresponding uncatalyzed reaction, resulting in higher reaction rate at the same temperature.
Catalytic reactions are preferred in environmentally friendly green chemistry due to the reduced amount of waste generated, as opposed to stoichiometric reactions in which all reactants are consumed and more side products are formed.
Even the exhaust from the burning of fossil fuels is treated via catalysis: Catalytic converters, typically composed of platinum and rhodium, break down some of the more harmful byproducts of automobile exhaust.
Catalytic heaters generate flameless heat from a supply of combustible fuel.
* Catalytic distillation is the process by which the reactants are catalyzed while being distilled to continuously separate the products from the reactants.
Catalytic converters can reduce toxic emissions, but not completely eliminate them.
* 1975 – Catalytic converters are first widely introduced on production automobiles in the US to comply with tightening EPA regulations on auto exhaust.
Gulf also participated in a partnership with other majors, including Texaco, to build the Pembroke Catalytic Cracker refinery at Milford Haven and the associated Mainline Pipelines fuel distribution network.
Catalytic cracking uses reactor and a regenerator.
Catalytic, asymmetric dihydroxylation reduces the cost of this procedure 99. 9 %, opening the door for advances in biomimetic and sympathetic osmates.
These OSAT groups include: AKVO, Appropedia, Appropriate Technology Collaborative, Catalytic Communities, Centre for Alternative Technology, Center For Development Alternatives, Engineers Without Borders, Open Source Ecology, Practical Action, and Village Earth.
Must hydrotreat the naphtha before sending to a Catalytic Reformer unit.
9 " Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroboration: Recent Advances and Applications in Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions " Eur.
Catalytic DNA ( deoxyribozyme or DNAzyme ) catalyze a reaction when interacting with the appropriate input, such as a matching oligonucleotide.
Catalytic converters are still most commonly used in exhaust systems in automobiles, but are also used on generator sets, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, locomotives, motorcycles, airplanes and other engine fitted devices.
Catalytic oxidization is also used, but for the purpose of safe, flameless generation of heat rather than destruction of pollutants, in catalytic heaters.
Catalytic converters have proven to be reliable and effective in reducing noxious tailpipe emissions.
* Catalytic converter production requires palladium or platinum ; part of the world supply of these precious metals is produced near Norilsk, Russia, where the industry ( among others ) has caused Norilsk to be added to Time magazine's list of most-polluted places.
Catalytic purification and hydrocracking are together known as hydroprocessing.

RNA and molecules
Pairing is the mechanism by which codons on messenger RNA molecules are recognized by anticodons on transfer RNA during protein translation.
Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules, the extent of mispairing ( if any ), and the GC content.
Using pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical companies can create drugs based on the proteins, enzymes and RNA molecules that are associated with specific genes and diseases.
The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound subcompartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of subnuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes.
The simplest genophores are found in viruses: these DNA or RNA molecules are short linear or circular genophores that often lack structural proteins.
DIG molecules are often linked to uridine nucleotides ; DIG-labelled uridine ( DIG-U ) can then be incorporated into RNA probes via in vitro transcription.
A few RNA molecules called ribozymes also catalyze reactions, with an important example being some parts of the ribosome.
Portions of a precursor RNA ( introns ) may be removed by cis-splicing or by having two or more precursor RNA molecules have ligated by trans-splicing.
The term later came to include sequences removed from rRNA and tRNA, and it also was used later for RNA molecules originating from different parts of the genome that are then ligated by trans-splicing.
Transfer RNA molecules appear to have evolved prior to modern aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, so the latter cannot be part of the explanation of its patterns.
Other advanced techniques, such as nonradioactive in situ hybridization, can be combined with immunochemistry to identify specific DNA or RNA molecules with fluorescent probes or tags that can be used for immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked fluorescence amplification ( especially alkaline phosphatase and tyramide signal amplification ).
Binding of molecules uniquely found in microbes — viral glycoproteins, viral RNA, bacterial endotoxin ( lipopolysaccharide ), bacterial flagella, CpG motifs -- by pattern recognition receptors, such as membrane bound Toll like receptors or the cytoplasmic receptors RIG-I or MDA5, can trigger release of IFNs.
Common examples of in vitro experiments include ( a ) cells derived from multicellular organisms ( cell culture or tissue culture ), ( b ) subcellular components ( e. g. mitochondria or ribosomes ), ( c ) Cellular or subcellular extracts ( e. g. wheat germ or reticulocyte extracts ), or ( d ) purified molecules in the test tube ( often proteins, DNA, or RNA, either individually or in combination ).
Living organisms are extremely complex functional systems that are made up of, at a minimum, many tens of thousands of genes, protein molecules, RNA molecules, small organic compounds, inorganic ions and complexes in an environment that is spatially organized by membranes and, in the case of multicellular organisms, organ systems.
Splicing of all intron-containing RNA molecules is superficially similar, as described above.
These sequences are recognized by spliceosomal RNA molecules when the splicing reactions are initiated.
Group I and group II introns are distinguished by different sets of internal conserved sequences and folded structures, and by the fact that splicing of RNA molecules containing group II introns generates branched introns ( like those of spliceosomal RNAs ), while group I introns use a non-encoded guanosine nucleotide ( typically GTP ) to initiate splicing, adding it on to the 5 '- end of the excised intron.
However, it is now well-established that some introns themselves encode specific proteins or can be further processed after splicing to generate noncoding RNA molecules.
The control of alternative RNA splicing is performed by complex network of signaling molecules that respond to a wide range of intracellular and extracellular signals.
Using object oriented programming to model the interactions of 28 categories of molecules including DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites, and running on 128-core Linux cluster, the simulation takes 10 hours for a single M. genitalium cell to divide once — about the same time the actual cell takes — and generates half a gigabyte of data.
Splicing is usually performed by an RNA-protein complex called the spliceosome, but some RNA molecules are also capable of catalyzing their own splicing ( see ribozymes ).

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