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Charlemagne's biographer Einhard calls her a " concubine " and Paulus Diaconus speaks of Pippin's birth " before legal marriage ", whereas a letter by Pope Stephen III refers to Charlemagne and his brother Carloman as being already married ( to Himiltrude and Gerberga ), and advises them not to dismiss their wives.
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Charlemagne's and biographer
It is constructive now to quote Einhard, Charlemagne's biographer, on the closing of such a grand conflict:
At the time of his death, he and his brother Charlemagne were close to outright war, which Charlemagne's biographer Einhard attributes to the miscounsel of Carloman's advisors.
There exists only one historical mention of a Frankish Roland, found in the section of Vita Karoli Magni on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass, written by Charlemagne's courtier and biographer Einhard.
Charlemagne's and Einhard
In 814, on Charlemagne's death his son Louis the Pious made Einhard his private secretary.
Local lore from Seligenstadt portrays Einhard as the lover of Emma, one of Charlemagne's daughters, and has the couple elope from court.
These events are recorded in the Annales regni Francorum and the Vita Karoli Magni, both works of Charlemagne's court historian, Einhard, and in the separate Reichsannalen called the Annales Mettenses and the Annales Maximiniani, as well as the work of the so-called " Poeta Saxo ".
Charlemagne's and her
Moreover, Gerberga, the widow of Charlemagne's brother Carloman, sought the protection of the Lombard king after her husband's death in 771 ; and — probably in return for the insult Charlemagne had given to the Lombards by rejecting Desiderata — Desiderius recognised Gerberga's sons as lawful heirs, and attacked Pope Adrian for refusing to crown them kings and invaded the Pentapolis.
According to this chanson de geste Ganelon was married to Charlemagne's sister and had a son with her.
Charlemagne's and concubine
Carloman had married a beautiful Frankish woman, Gerberga, who according to Pope Stephen III was chosen for him, together with Charlemagne's concubine, Himiltrude, by Pepin the Short.
Charlemagne's and before
We see the emergence of this not only in Charlemagne's effort to re-name the months in terms of human activities ... but more particularly in the change which occurs in illustrated calendars beginning shortly before 830.
Great Britain's early use of the silver standard is still reflected in the name of its currency, the pound sterling, which traces its origins to before the Middle Ages ( see Anglo-Saxon pound ), when King Offa of Mercia introduced the silver penny, which copied the denarius of Charlemagne's Frankish Empire.
Charlemagne's and marriage
Conflict with the Holy See under Pope Stephen III arose, for Stephen opposed Charlemagne's marriage to Desiderius ' daughter.
Stephen III opposed Charlemagne's marriage to Desiderius ' daughter, Desiderata, in 768, but by his death in 772, he had made peace with the Lombards.
The new pope, Adrian I, however, implored the aid of Charlemagne against him, for the marriage of dynasties was dissolved by Charlemagne's repudiation of Desiderata in 771.
Her son Pépin, who suffered from a spinal deformity and was called " the Hunchback ", was eclipsed by Charlemagne's sons from the later marriage of this to Hildegard.
Offa insisted that the marriage could only go ahead if Charlemagne's daughter Bertha was married to Offa's son Ecgfrith.
Charlemagne's and ",
Godfrey, along with his two brothers, started in August 1096 at the head of an army from Lorraine ( some say 40, 000 strong ) along " Charlemagne's road ", as Urban II seems to have called it ( according to the chronicler Robert the Monk )— the road to Jerusalem.
Compare the separate development of the concept of " vassal ", from a warlord's henchman to one of Charlemagne's great companions.
Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of " a crowd of scribes ", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York.
Durendal or Durandal ( Most likely from French " durer ", " to endure "; Italian: Durlindana Spanish: Durandal or Durandarte ) is the sword of Charlemagne's paladin Roland in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France.
Copies were distributed throughout Charlemagne's empire, and this " composite liturgy ", as Duchesne says, " from its source in the Imperial chapel spread throughout all the churches of the Frankish Empire and at length, finding its way to Rome gradually supplanted there the ancient use ".
Charlemagne's and letter
According to a contemporary letter from Alcuin of York, an English deacon and scholar who spent over a decade at Charlemagne's court as one of his chief advisors, " the vengeance of the blood shed by the father has reached the son "; and Alcuin adds " This was not a strengthening of the kingdom, but its ruin.
The early period of the script, during Charlemagne's reign in the late 8th century and early 9th, still has widely varying letter forms in different regions.
A 10th century Vita sancti Aegidii recounts that, as Giles was celebrating Mass to pardon the Emperor Charlemagne's sins, an angel deposited upon the altar a letter outlining a sin so terrible Charlemagne had never dared confess it.
According to a contemporary letter from Alcuin of York, an English deacon and scholar who spent over a decade at Charlemagne's court as one of his chief advisors:
Charlemagne's and by
Inside you can find five frescoes by the Aachen artist Alfre Rethel which show legendary scenes from the life of Charlemagne, as well as Charlemagne's signature.
Charlemagne's force eventually headed back to France via a narrow pass in the Pyrenees, where his rearguard was wiped out by Basque and Gascon rebels ( this disaster inspired the epic Chanson de Roland ).
After being conquered by the Arabs in the early 8th century, it was reconquered in 801 by Charlemagne's son Louis, who made Barcelona the seat of the Carolingian " Hispanic March " ( Marca Hispanica ), a buffer zone ruled by the Count of Barcelona.
In 800, Charlemagne's authority was confirmed by his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor by the pope on Christmas Day in Rome.
Fighting among Charlemagne's grandchildren caused the Carolingian empire to be partitioned into several parts by the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ), the Treaty of Meerssen ( 870 ), and the Treaty of Ribemont.
The medieval Kingdom of France emerged out of the western part of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, known as West Francia, and achieved increasing prominence under the rule of the House of Capet, founded by Hugh Capet in 987.
Charlemagne's intention was to see all his sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs.
* Bernard, the son of Charlemagne's son Pippin of Italy, was confirmed as King of Italy, a title he had been allowed to inherit from his father by Charlemagne.
After attacking and destroying monasteries, including one at Jumieges, they took advantage of the power vacuum created by the disintegration of Charlemagne's empire to take northern France.
Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor.
An eastern march ( military borderland ), the Avar March, was established in Charlemagne's time, but it was overrun by the Hungarians in 909.
Carloman's position was rescued, however, by Charlemagne's sudden repudiation of his Lombard wife, Desiderius ' daughter.
Gerberga's flight ultimately precipitated Charlemagne's destruction of the Kingdom of the Lombards ; he responded to Desiderius ' support of Carloman's children, which threatened Charlemagne's own position, by sweeping into Italy and subjugating it.
There is evidence that the earliest Western musical notation, in the form of neumes in camp aperto ( without staff-lines ), was created at Metz around 800, as a result of Charlemagne's desire for Frankish church musicians to retain the performance nuances used by the Roman singers.
Charlemagne's and Pope
Charlemagne's reply stated that it was his function to defend the Church, and the function of the Pope to pray for the realm and for the victory of his army.
At Charlemagne's request Pope Adrian I sent distinguished chanters from Rome, who propagated the use of the Gregorian chant.
He ordered the Pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast, and Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself.
Floorplan of Charlemagne's palace chapelIt was consecrated in 805 by Pope Leo III in honour of the Virgin Mary.
While Arno was in Rome attending to some of Charlemagne's business in 798, Pope Leo III appointed him Archbishop over the other bishops in Bavaria ( Freising, Passau, Regensburg, and Säben ).
In recognition of Charlemagne's power, and to cement the church's alliance with him, Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800.
Leo III was the first Pope to date his Bulls from the year of Charlemagne's reign ( 795 ) instead of those of Byzantine emperors.
Commissioned by the Carolingian king Charlemagne and his wife Hildegard and produced in his court scriptorium at Aachen, the manuscript was intended to commemorate Charlemagne's march to Italy, his meeting with Pope Adrian I, and the baptism of his son Pepin.
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