Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops ' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall.

Charles's last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he fought the forces of the English and Scottish parliaments, which challenged his attempts to overrule and negate parliamentary authority, whilst simultaneously using his position as head of the English Church to pursue religious policies which generated the antipathy of reformed groups such as the Puritans.

When Charles's illegitimate son Monmouth assembled an invasion force at Amsterdam, and sailed for Britain, William informed James of Monmouth's departure, and ordered English regiments in the Low Countries to return to Britain.

The term ' Whig ' entered English political discourse during the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678 – 1681 when there was controversy about whether or not King Charles II's brother, James, should be allowed to succeed to the throne on Charles's death.

Before Charles's restoration, the Navigation Acts of 1650 had hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, and had started the First Dutch War ( 1652 – 1654 ).

The conflict began well for the English, with the capture of New Amsterdam ( renamed New York in honour of Charles's brother James, Duke of York ) and a victory at the Battle of Lowestoft, but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack on the English ( the Raid on the Medway ) when they sailed up the River Thames to where a major part of the English fleet was docked.

The reports of a government army turned out to have been false, but Charles's retreat gave the English time to muster an actual army.

When in 1639 a large Spanish transport fleet sought refuge in the English Downs moorage, Charles did not dare to protect it against a Dutch attack ; the resulting Battle of the Downs undermined both Spanish sea power and Charles's reputation.

The English regent, the Duke of Bedford ( the uncle of Henry VI ) was advancing into the Duchy of Bar, ruled by Charles's brother-in-law, René.

The campaign was a complete success, convincing the English people that such a plan really existed ; it was greatly aided by the decision by Charles's brother James, the Duke of York, to lay down his position as Lord High Admiral, which was generally ( and correctly ) interpreted as a sign that James had in secret become a Catholic and was therefore unable to abjure the transubstantiation doctrine, as the Test Act demanded of all officials.

In a period in which Charles's main protection from the Commons was the House of Lords, the willingness of both chambers to work together marked a new stage in the constitutional crisis that would eventually lead to the English Civil War.

* King Charles's Castle dates from 1550 – 54, and was occupied by the Royalists during the English Civil War.

The parish church dedicated to St Mary was demolished during the English Civil War by Cornelius Holland, one of King Charles's judges, but was rebuilt after the restoration.

When the Covenanters became allies of the English Parliamentarians, Montrose was given a commission as King Charles's Lieutenant General in Scotland.

The Spanish army of 15, 000 troops was augmented by a force of 3, 000 English Royalists — formed as the nucleus of potential army for the invasion of England by Charles II, with Charles's brother James, Duke of York, among its commanders.

The Caroline era succeeds the Jacobean era, the reign of Charles's father James I ( 1603 – 1625 ); it was succeeded by the English Civil War ( 1642 – 1651 ) and the English Interregnum ( 1651 – 1660 ).

Charles's Council of war led by Murray was against leaving Scotland, but he told them that he had received English Tory assurances of a rising if he appeared in England in arms, and the Council agreed to march south by a margin of one vote.

Charles and his minister Thomas Wentworth were unable to persuade the English Parliament, which itself was unhappy with Charles's civil and religious policies, to pay for an army to put down the Scots.

In the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap, Ray Charles's recording of it plays in the background when the English mother ( Natasha Richardson's character ) and her daughter return to England.

On 3 May, Parliament decreed The Protestation, attacking the ' wicked counsels ' of Charles's government, whereby those who signed the petition undertook to defend ' the true reformed religion ', parliament, and the king's person, honour and estate.

Allying himself with Lady Castlemaine, he encouraged Charles's increasing dislike of Clarendon ; and he was made secretary of state in October 1662 in spite of the opposition of Clarendon, who had to find him a seat in parliament.

Holles and Whitelocke had a private meeting with the king, when at Charles's request they drew up the answer which they advised him to return to the parliament.

On 5 September 1642 he carried Charles's overtures for peace to the parliament, when he informed the leaders of the opposition that the king consented to a thorough reformation of religion.

Appended to a copy of Charles's speech at the dissolution of this parliament on 10 March 1629 is a poem of twenty-four verses in Nicholas's hand, beginning:

The former arranged that on the occasion of Charles's approaching visit to Scotland, Argyll would be accused of high treason in the parliament.

In the first few months of his reign, Charles's government passed a series of laws that bolstered the power of the nobility and clergy.

In violation of the laws, Cisneros acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king ; he secured the person of Charles's younger brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor ; he fixed the seat of the courts at Madrid ; and he established a standing army by drilling the citizens of the towns.

Edward Hyde, who had not known of either the marriage or the pregnancy, was created Earl of Clarendon and his position as Charles's favourite minister was strengthened.

Charles's designs were well known in advance and in early April 1364 this force seized many of Charles's remaining strongholds before the Captal de Buch could reach Normandy.

Charles's first known episode occurred in 1392 when his friend and advisor, Olivier de Clisson, was the victim of an attempted murder.

Charles's son, Jesse Benbow, was known as a progressive farmer who introduced mechanized agriculture with the reaper and wheat drill to the area.

Charles's law ( also known as the law of volumes ) is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated.

French physicist Émile Clapeyron combined Charles's law with Boyle's law in 1834 to produce a single statement which would become known as the ideal gas law.

There was also insanity in Charles's family ; his great-great-great (- great-great, depending along which lineage one counts ) grandmother, Queen Joanna of Castile, became insane early in life and became known as " Joanna the Mad "; however, the degree to which her " madness " was induced by circumstances of her confinement and political intrigues targeting her is debated.

Little is known about Charles's life before the age of seven.

In 1609, he was part of a group of actors who set up a new playing company, the Duke of York's Men, which became known as Prince Charles's Men after 1612.

The German name Karlstadt or Carlstadt (" Charles's Town ") has undergone translation into other languages: in Hungarian it is known as Károlyváros, in Italian as Carlostadio, in Latin as Carlostadium.

It was originally known as Karlstadt (" Charles's Town " in German ), after Archduke Charles II of Austria, upon whose orders construction began on July 13, 1579.

Charles ' Law was also known as the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac, because Gay-Lussac published it in 1802 using much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787.

Charles was apparently known personally to Dante: in the Divine Comedy the poet speaks warmly of and to Charles's spirit when they meet in the Heaven of Venus.

Neither Charles II nor Aphra Behn could have known how correct Charles's bargain was, but Oroonoko can be seen as a royalist's demurral.

Marmion's first known play was Holland's Leaguer, produced in 1631 at the Salisbury Court theatre and acted six days in succession, " one of the longest known in the Elizabethan, Jacobean, or Caroline theatre ," though perhaps due more to the meagerness of the repertory of Prince Charles's Men than to the play's unusual popularity.

The Division was originally known as the Division of Kingsford-Smith ( with a hyphen ), based upon a misspelling of Sir Charles's surname.

Grifo, Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild ( also known as Swanhilde ), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers.

She is known for her roles as Ray Charles's wife, Della Bea Robinson, in the film Ray ( 2004 ), as Idi Amin's wife Kay in The Last King of Scotland, and as Alicia Masters, love interest of Ben Grimm / The Thing in the live-action Fantastic Four films of 2005 and 2007.

An animal which he bought at Charles's advice for and afterwards sold to his brother, became known as the celebrated Hubback, a bull which formed the basis of both the Ketton and Barmpton herds.

Charles's ally during the Schmalkaldic War, Maurice of Saxony, along with Melanchthon and his supporters, worked out within Maurice's estates a compromise known as the Leipzig Interim.