In the later half of 1660, Charles's joy at the Restoration was tempered by the deaths of his youngest brother, Henry, and sister, Mary, of smallpox.

Charles's flight from Scotland after the uprising has rendered him a romantic figure of heroic failure in later representations.

Three years later, in 1778, Charles's second son, Charles Ferdinand, was born and was given the title of a Duke of Berry.

Thus in a short time Charles's own cabinet, the Cabal Ministry, went over to the " Dutch " peace party ; Lord Shaftesbury, much shocked by the revelation, even beginning to consider driving out the troublesome House of Stuart entirely and inducing his secretary, John Locke, to further develop the legal concepts which would later be the basis of the Two Treatises of Government, which justified the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

" I remember the dear plump figure of Prince Lobkowitz going up to my husband ," Zita later recounted, " and, with tears in his eyes, making the sign of the cross on Charles's forehead.

It was later enforced by the courts ; when Selden and other Members of Parliament were imprisoned, they cited the Petition as a reason to grant habeas corpus, something the judges accepted, and the ship money case, although a victory for Charles, was a victory in spite of the Petition rather than because of it ; the judgment concluded that Charles's actions were acceptable under the Royal Prerogative, but would otherwise be in violation of the Petition.

Whalley refused to remove Charles's chaplains, and treated his captive with courtesy, so much so that Charles later wrote him a letter of thanks.

However it had always been Charles's expectation, or at least that of his chancellor, Edward Hyde ( later Earl of Clarendon ), that all who had been immediately concerned in his father's death should be delivered to punishment ; and, in the most unpropitious state of his fortune, while making all professions of pardon and favour to different parties, he had constantly excepted the regicides.

However both Louandre ( 1834, p. 169 ) and the city's current official website give the motto simply as " Fidelis ", and Sanson ( 1646, p. 15 ) claimed that even this was not part of Charles's original grant, but was added later, some time in the 14th to 17th centuries.

* Barbara ( Benedicta ) FitzRoy ( 1672 – 1737 )-Barbara Villiers claimed that she was Charles's daughter, but she was probably the child of her mother's second cousin and lover, John Churchill, later Duke of Marlborough

They also performed at Buckingham Palace for Prince Charles's 30th birthday party in 1978, and later were guests at the pre-wedding party for his marriage to Lady Diana Spencer in 1981.

After a brief interlude of 1453 – 1473, when the duchy passed in right of Charles's daughter to her husband John of Calabria, a Capetian, Lorraine reverted to the House of Vaudemont, a junior branch of House of Lorraine, in the person of René II who later added to his titles that of Duke of Bar.

At Charles's death in 1740 the Habsburg lands passed to Maria Theresa and Francis, who was later elected Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I.

* Madeleine Forestier ( Du Roy ), Charles's and later Georges's wife who helps her husbands write their articles and has many connections among the powerful

It became extinct again at the death of Charles's son Louis Robert in 1902, though the senior branch of the Tascher de La Pagerie family ( who were unrelated to the 1st Duc de Dalberg ) later illegally assumed the ducal title.

Charles's involvement in Germany would establish a role for Spain as protector of the Catholic Habsburg cause in the Holy Roman Empire ; the precedent would lead, seven decades later, to involvement in the war that decisively ended Spain's status as Europe's leading power.

Charles's main force began marching on 7 August and reached the village of Painswick a day later ; however, Rupert's cavalry screen had already advanced and taken the village.

He provided heraldic decorations for Charles's joyeuse entrée to Ghent in 1469 and later in 1472.

Thus, Buckingham's later opposition to Charles's insistence that his brother James ( later James II played by Charlie Creed-Miles ) inherit the throne, appears to be motivated by merely spite and jealousy rather than a feeling of betrayal.

After his troupe had performed in Paris in 1571, they were invited by Charles IX of France to take part of the festivities surrounding the marriage of the King of Navarre ( later Henry IV ) to Charles's sister Marguerite de Valois in August 1572.

Charles's last years were marked by the English Civil War, in which he fought the forces of the English and Scottish parliaments, which challenged his attempts to overrule and negate parliamentary authority, whilst simultaneously using his position as head of the English Church to pursue religious policies which generated the antipathy of reformed groups such as the Puritans.

The constant flow of information from the front maintained a bellicose atmosphere in the high political circles and an erroneously optimistic opinion about Austria's military situation, which mined Charles's best attempts to get his brother to sue for peace.

Although Doria was ambitious and harsh, he was a patriot and successfully opposed Emperor Charles's repeated attempts to have a citadel built in Genoa and garrisoned by Spaniards ; neither blandishments nor threats could win him over to the scheme.

Moreover, other European powers expressed their opposition to Charles's restoration attempts.

Elvira makes continual attempts to disrupt Charles's marriage to his second wife, Ruth, who cannot see or hear the ghost.

Despite Charles's best attempts, Gayle won because she bribed the Home Secretary, as she was having an affair with someone in the Home Office.

Diana's bulimia, suicide attempts and self-mutilation were spelt out unambiguously, as were Charles's relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles, and the intrigues of Palace officials in attempting to contain the disintegrating Royal marriage.

After Essex besieged Reading and Charles's armies failed in their attempts to relieve the town, a stalemate occurred on the front ; Essex's army could not directly engage with the Royalists at Oxford due to disease in the ranks, while Charles was prevented from advancing due to the exhaustion of supplies and ammunition after the failed expedition to Reading.

When Charles's illegitimate son Monmouth assembled an invasion force at Amsterdam, and sailed for Britain, William informed James of Monmouth's departure, and ordered English regiments in the Low Countries to return to Britain.

Peter I demanded Charles's eviction, and when the sultan refused, Peter decided to force it by invading the Ottoman Empire.

Charles's designs were well known in advance and in early April 1364 this force seized many of Charles's remaining strongholds before the Captal de Buch could reach Normandy.

Charles's retreat left Napoleon with two options: pursue the defeated Austrian army north of the Danube or occupy Vienna, which was now covered by a secondary enemy force and could not hope to hold out.

The Spanish army of 15, 000 troops was augmented by a force of 3, 000 English Royalists — formed as the nucleus of potential army for the invasion of England by Charles II, with Charles's brother James, Duke of York, among its commanders.

In 1625, James was succeeded by his son Charles I, who immediately plunged England into an expensive and ultimately unsuccessful war with Spain, in an attempt to force the Catholic Spanish King Philip IV to intercede with the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II on behalf of Charles's brother-in-law, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the husband of Charles's sister Elizabeth, to regain the Electorate of the Palatinate and his hereditary lands, which the Emperor had taken from him.

When Charles laid siege to Gloucester, Parliament was forced to muster a force under Essex with which to beat Charles's forces off.

The Parliamentarian force, now free of Charles's army, retreated towards Aldermaston as quickly as possible and eventually made it to Reading and then London, where Essex received a hero's welcome.

In 1708, he was ordered to march east with a supply column, to support Charles's primary invasion force in Russia.

Charles's reign was also characterised by religious conflicts.

He had also sent back some of his own works, including a portrait ( 1623 ) of himself with Endymion Porter, one of Charles's agents, a mythology ( Rinaldo and Armida, 1629, now in the Baltimore Museum of Art ), and a religious work for the Queen.

Next year he went to Paris on the occasion of Prince Charles's journey to Madrid, and again in 1624 to join Henry Rich, afterwards Lord Holland, in negotiating the prince's marriage with Henrietta Maria, when he advised James without success to resist Richelieu's demands on the subject of religious toleration.

He left school at 15, and his very religious, non-artistic father, against Charles's natural artistic inclinations, decided that he should follow in his footsteps as a civil engineer.

Written presumably at the time of Charles's 1672 Declaration of Indulgence ( which promulgated official toleration of Catholics and others ), Sodom delineates in its racy plot a king much like Charles whose insistence on promoting his sexual preference for sodomy can be read as an analogue to the debate in England at the time about the king's real motive in pushing religious toleration.

Charles and his minister Thomas Wentworth were unable to persuade the English Parliament, which itself was unhappy with Charles's civil and religious policies, to pay for an army to put down the Scots.