Charles's law, published in 1802 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.

Charles's Law, or the law of volumes, was found in 1678.

* 1787 – Charles's law ( Gas law, relating volume and temperature )

* 1802 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac publishes Charles's law, discovered ( but unpublished ) by Jacques Charles around 1787 ; this shows the dependency between temperature and volume.

It was first stated by Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of Boyle's law and Charles's law.

Charles's law ( also known as the law of volumes ) is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated.

French physicist Émile Clapeyron combined Charles's law with Boyle's law in 1834 to produce a single statement which would become known as the ideal gas law.

An ideal gas is defined as a gas which obeys the ideal gas law, so Charles's law is only expected to be followed exactly by ideal gases.

Gay-Lussac had also worked with the vapours of volatile liquids in demonstrating Charles's law, and was aware that the law does not apply just above the boiling point of the liquid:

Thomson did not assume that this was equal to the " zero-volume point " of Charles's law, merely that Charles's law provided the minimum temperature which could be attained.

In order to derive Charles's law from kinetic theory, it is necessary to have a microscopic definition of temperature: this can be conveniently taken as the temperature being proportional to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules, < u style =" font-style: italic ; text-decoration: overline "> E </ u >< sub > k </ sub >:

Under this definition, the demonstration of Charles's law is almost trivial.

* Charles's law simulation from Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina

* Charles's law simulation from TutorVista. com

On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as " shameful ".

* Charles's law ( the " law of volumes "), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, is first published in France by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.

After Charles's death in 1477, the two men openly disagreed about how best to take political advantage of the situation.

The Corinthian wants someone to teach him " how to kill " and finds himself frustrated with Charles's inability to do violence even in self-defense.

Neither Charles II nor Aphra Behn could have known how correct Charles's bargain was, but Oroonoko can be seen as a royalist's demurral.

During the compression cycle of a compressed charge internal combustion engine the temperature of the fuel air mixture rises as described by Charles's law solely due to the compression of the gases.

These are analogous to Boyle's law and Charles's Law for gases.

However, when Henry died of suspected typhoid ( or possibly porphyria ) at the age of 18 in 1612, two weeks before Charles's 12th birthday, Charles became heir apparent.

Members of Parliament and the Grandees in the New Model Army, when faced with Charles's perceived duplicity, tried and executed him.

Matters remained unresolved until 1640 when, in a renewal of hostilities, Charles's northern forces were defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Newburn to the west of Newcastle.

This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans assassinated John the Fearless during a meeting under Charles's guarantee of protection.

The term ' Whig ' entered English political discourse during the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678 – 1681 when there was controversy about whether or not King Charles II's brother, James, should be allowed to succeed to the throne on Charles's death.

In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a supposed " Popish Plot " sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir ( James, Duke of York ) was a Roman Catholic.

The conflict began well for the English, with the capture of New Amsterdam ( renamed New York in honour of Charles's brother James, Duke of York ) and a victory at the Battle of Lowestoft, but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack on the English ( the Raid on the Medway ) when they sailed up the River Thames to where a major part of the English fleet was docked.

Peter I demanded Charles's eviction, and when the sultan refused, Peter decided to force it by invading the Ottoman Empire.

Charles's political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom was bankrupt from previous military endeavours ( in particular the Seven Years ' War and the American War of Independence ) and needed fiscal reform to survive.

Finally, when the Castilian regent Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and he imposed his statement along the kingdom.

Charles's first known episode occurred in 1392 when his friend and advisor, Olivier de Clisson, was the victim of an attempted murder.

An early attempt at peace occurred in 1396 when Charles's daughter, the almost seven-year-old Isabella of Valois, married the 29-year-old Richard II of England.

Three years afterward, when all the dignitaries of the Empire met at Augsburg to receive commands from the emperor, and Titian came at Charles's bidding to paint King Philip II of Spain, John Frederick asked Cranach to visit the city ; and here for a few months he stayed in the household of the captive elector, whom he afterward accompanied home in 1552.

The children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles's step-grandmother Maria Theresa, although Zita managed to see them in Zurich when her son Robert needed an operation for appendicitis.

Charles's belief that Napoleon would cross north of Lobau seemed to be confirmed on 2 July, when he received news that French forces began to cross the river there.

It was later enforced by the courts ; when Selden and other Members of Parliament were imprisoned, they cited the Petition as a reason to grant habeas corpus, something the judges accepted, and the ship money case, although a victory for Charles, was a victory in spite of the Petition rather than because of it ; the judgment concluded that Charles's actions were acceptable under the Royal Prerogative, but would otherwise be in violation of the Petition.

Holles and Whitelocke had a private meeting with the king, when at Charles's request they drew up the answer which they advised him to return to the parliament.

Unfortunately Charles's political judgment was appalling – he reigned for eleven years without convening the Parliament of England, as he was not disposed to accept direction from it when it was sitting, and the ensuing Civil War eventually cost Charles both his crown and his head.

On 5 September 1642 he carried Charles's overtures for peace to the parliament, when he informed the leaders of the opposition that the king consented to a thorough reformation of religion.

* Aunt Philippa Charles's aunt and Ned's sister who, when Charles's mother died, came to live with them.

Ludovico, having betrayed the French at Fornovo, retained his throne until 1499, when Charles's successor, Louis XII of France, invaded Lombardy and seized Milan, to which he had a claim in right of his paternal grandmother Valentina Visconti.

In 1677 he carried an address to the king calling upon him to conclude an alliance with the United Provinces against Louis XIV of France, and when the Speaker adjourned the House by Charles's order Sacheverell made an eloquent protest, asserting the right of the House itself to decide the question of its adjournment.