As a result, Berthier's response to Archduke Charles's invasion was timid and after misinterpreting Napoleon's orders, he left two entire Army Corps in isolated positions.

There, they fell upon the unprotected flank of d ' Aspré's Austrian grenadier division, which had been left behind to cover Bellegarde, who had just begun to retreat, in accordance with Charles's orders.

It was originally known as Karlstadt (" Charles's Town " in German ), after Archduke Charles II of Austria, upon whose orders construction began on July 13, 1579.

Jakob's eldest son, Ulrich, took over the business on his father's death, and in 1473 he provided new suits of clothes to Frederick, his son Maximilian I, and his suite on their journey to Trier to meet Charles the Bold of Burgundy and the betrothal of the young prince to Charles's daughter Maria.

Thomson did not assume that this was equal to the " zero-volume point " of Charles's law, merely that Charles's law provided the minimum temperature which could be attained.

He refused a bribe from Louis XIV, but allowed his wife to accept a gift of 10, 000 crowns ; in 1670 he was the only minister besides the Roman Catholic Clifford to whom the first secret treaty of Dover ( May 1670 ), one clause of which provided for Charles's declaration of his conversion to Romanism, was confided ; and he was the chief actor in the deception practised upon the rest of the council.

He provided heraldic decorations for Charles's joyeuse entrée to Ghent in 1469 and later in 1472.

Charles's wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no children, but Charles acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses.

With the King mad, his uncles Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and John, Duke of Berry, took control and dismissed Charles's advisers and various officials he had appointed.

Buckingham, Charles's favourite, was in charge of prosecuting the war, and with it going badly the Commons inquired into Buckingham's use of previous grants, and various controversies within the admiralty.

But it is contended that the work was in existence at Naseby, and testimony to Charles's authorship is brought forward from various witnesses who had seen Charles himself occupied with it at various times during his imprisonment.

King Charles's army had been reinforced as it marched, and outnumbered that of Essex by nearly two to one.

** Seven Years ' War – Battle of Leuthen: Frederick defeats Prince Charles's Austrian army in what is generally considered the Prussian king's greatest tactical victory.

Charles's persistence worked, as Peter's army was checked by Ottoman troops.

Paul Davis says the core of Charles's army was a professional infantry which was both highly disciplined and well motivated, " having campaigned with him all over Europe ", buttressed by levies that Charles basically used to raid and disrupt his enemy, and gather food for his infantry.

However, the royalist fleet that came under Charles's control was not used to any advantage, and did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the royalist Engagers army of the Duke of Hamilton, before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston by the Parliamentarians.

Charles XII moved from Saxony into Russia to confront Peter, but the campaign ended with the destruction of the main Swedish army in Poltava ( now Ukraine ), and Charles's exile in Ottoman Bender.

No connected resistance was offered to the converging march of Prince Charles's army along the Danube, Khevenhüller from Salzburg towards southern Bavaria, and Prince Lobkowitz from Bohemia towards the Naab.

The Bonnie Prince public house in Chellaston, Derby — near Swarkestone Bridge where Charles's army decided to turn back and return to Scotland

Having taken Carlisle, Charles's army progressed as far as Swarkestone Bridge in Derbyshire.

The reports of a government army turned out to have been false, but Charles's retreat gave the English time to muster an actual army.

The Dauphin was forced to agree to many of Charles's territorial demands and to promise to finance for him a standing army of 1, 000 men for his personal use.

In January 1364 Charles met Edward, the Black Prince at Agen in order to negotiate the passage of his troops through the English-held duchy of Aquitaine, to which the Prince agreed perhaps because of his friendship with Charles's new military adviser Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch, who had been betrothed to Charles sister and was to lead his army to Normandy.

Meanwhile Charles's brother Louis of Navarre led an army augmented by contingents pledged by the captains of the Great Company and the freebooter Séguin de Badefol through the Black Prince's territories and across France, evading the French royal forces sent to intercept him and arrived in Normandy on 23 September.

Charles's retreat left Napoleon with two options: pursue the defeated Austrian army north of the Danube or occupy Vienna, which was now covered by a secondary enemy force and could not hope to hold out.

Although a Generalissimus, with supreme authority over the entire Austrian army, Charles's position was constantly undermined by his Imperial brother and the war party at the Court, who were corresponding directly on military matters with his Chief of Staff, General Major Wimpffen and some of the Corps commanders.

Bellegarde's good maneuver and Archduke Charles's inspired intervention ensured a totally successful counterattack, and avoided what could have developed into a dangerous situation for the Austrian army.

Some of them believed that King Charles's army had escaped encirclement after the battle through inaction on the part of some commanders.

The defeat at Nantwich thwarted King Charles's plan to create a field army in the Northwest based on regiments returned from Ireland.

Piero quickly gave up as Charles's army neared Florence and surrendered the chief fortresses of Tuscany to the invading army, giving Charles everything he demanded.

Their sack of Naples finally provoked a reaction, however, and the League of Venice was formed against them, effectively cutting off Charles's army from France.

When Charles was removed by the army to Childersley ( 5 June 1647 ), Fairfax and his officers agreed that Charles's request for his chaplains should be complied with.

In violation of the laws, Cisneros acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king ; he secured the person of Charles's younger brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor ; he fixed the seat of the courts at Madrid ; and he established a standing army by drilling the citizens of the towns.

Pepys immediately draws the conclusion that this will mean the end of Charles's regime and a revolution is inevitable: " all our hearts do now ake ; for the newes is true, that the Dutch have broke the chaine and burned our ships, and particularly " The Royal Charles ", other particulars I know not, but most sad to be sure.

Peter managed to negotiate a retreat, making a few territorial concessions and promising to withdraw his forces from the Holy Roman Empire as well as allowing Charles's return to Sweden.

On 13 November they faced the Earl of Essex at the Battle of Turnham Green, with Charles's advisers persuading him to retreat to Oxford and Reading.

John Finch was impeached the following day, and he consequently fled to the Hague with Charles's permission on 21 December.

However, following the attempted coup of ' The Incident ' in Scotland, Charles's credibility was significantly undermined.

He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain as Charles III following the death of its ruler, and Charles's relative, Charles II of Spain, in 1700.

Although morale among the rank and file remained fair following Aspern-Essling, the atmosphere among the Austrian senior commanders was particularly rotten and Charles's insufficiently assiduous preparations for another battle further sapped their confidence in him.

When in February 1649 Scotland proclaimed Charles, Prince of Wales, to be Charles II, King of Scotland, the Protestant Ulster Scots settlers did the same and following Charles's lead ( one of cynical expediency had they but realised ), took the Solemn League and Covenant.

Yale University Professor Frank W. Notestein suggested that he begin the work in medias res with Charles's escape following the Battle of Worcester, incorporating details of his earlier life into the narrative thereafter.

The Monarch's Way long-distance footpath, following Charles's supposed route to Shoreham-by-Sea, crosses the Adur at Bramber.

In 1856, Charles's mother died, and, the following year, his father married Clara Barbour Cummings Hamilton, a cousin of his late wife.

When the Wittelsbach King Charles Albert of Bavaria gained the Imperial crown in 1742, Count John William retired from service in Bohemia, and only emerged from retirement following Charles's death in 1745 and the restoration of the Habsburgs to the Imperial throne.