Due to a combination of ( 1 ) the traditions of dynastic succession in Aragon, which permitted maternal inheritance with no precedence for female rule ; ( 2 ) the insanity of Charles's mother, Joanna of Castile ; and ( 3 ) the insistence by his remaining grandfather, Maximilian I, that he take up his royal titles, Charles initiated his reign in Castile and Aragon, a union which evolved into Spain, in conjunction with his mother.

The major foreign policy issue of Charles's early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

The grant, however, proved to be insufficient for most of Charles's reign.

The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign.

Negotiations with Portugal for Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza began during his father's reign and upon the restoration, Queen Luísa of Portugal, acting as regent, reopened negotiations with England that resulted in an alliance.

The first years of Charles's reign, up to the death of Lothair I in 855, were comparatively peaceful.

These territories formed an integral part of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands as they were defined during the reign of Philip's son, Emperor Charles V, and passed to Charles's son, Philip II of Spain.

In the first few months of his reign, Charles's government passed a series of laws that bolstered the power of the nobility and clergy.

Charles's short reign was one of uninterrupted warfare.

Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with France, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy.

This was to be the start of a series of major feuds among the princes of royal blood which would cause much chaos and conflict in France even beyond Charles's reign.

At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he had a telephone line installed from Baden ( where Charles's military headquarters were located ) to the Hofburg.

Born in Kensington in 1714, he was a descendant of an old Devon family of high standing, the third son of Sir John Pratt, Chief Justice of the King's Bench in the reign of George I. Charles's mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Rev.

The Caroline era succeeds the Jacobean era, the reign of Charles's father James I ( 1603 – 1625 ); it was succeeded by the English Civil War ( 1642 – 1651 ) and the English Interregnum ( 1651 – 1660 ).

The phrase gained added resonance during the reign of Charles's son, King Philip II of Spain.

Charles's seven weeks reign is the shortest served by any Miss America.

The group, who came to prominence after the fall of Charles's first prime minister, Lord Clarendon, in 1667, was rather called the Cabal because of its secretiveness and lack of responsibility to the " Country party " then run out of power.

This was the first recorded meeting of Charles's future parents.

John Finch was impeached the following day, and he consequently fled to the Hague with Charles's permission on 21 December.

However, following the attempted coup of ' The Incident ' in Scotland, Charles's credibility was significantly undermined.

Mary's uncle was King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland ; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor.

While he cared little for who should become King of Poland, the cause of protecting the King's father-in-law was a sympathetic one, and he hoped to use the war as a means of humbling the Austrians, and perhaps securing the long-desired Duchy of Lorraine from its duke, Francis Stephen, who was expected to marry Emperor Charles's daughter Maria Theresa, which would bring Austrian power dangerously close to the French border.

Charles's imperial policy was focused on the dynastic sphere and abandoned the lofty ideal of the Empire as a universal monarchy of Christendom.

Frederick was concerned about Burgundy's expansive tendencies on the western border of his Holy Roman Empire, and to forestall military conflict, he attempted to secure the marriage of Charles's only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian.

Charles's persistence worked, as Peter's army was checked by Ottoman troops.

The term ' Whig ' entered English political discourse during the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678 – 1681 when there was controversy about whether or not King Charles II's brother, James, should be allowed to succeed to the throne on Charles's death.

After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France, the Treaty of Troyes recognised Henry V as regent and heir-apparent to the French throne, and he was subsequently married to Charles's daughter, Catherine of Valois.

Paul Davis says the core of Charles's army was a professional infantry which was both highly disciplined and well motivated, " having campaigned with him all over Europe ", buttressed by levies that Charles basically used to raid and disrupt his enemy, and gather food for his infantry.

) Had Charles Martel failed, Henry Hallam argued, there would have been no Charlemagne, no Holy Roman Empire or Papal States ; all these depended upon Charles's containment of Islam from expanding into Europe while the Caliphate was unified and able to mount such a conquest.

In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a supposed " Popish Plot " sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir ( James, Duke of York ) was a Roman Catholic.

However, the royalist fleet that came under Charles's control was not used to any advantage, and did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the royalist Engagers army of the Duke of Hamilton, before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston by the Parliamentarians.

Her son, James Crofts ( afterwards Duke of Monmouth and Duke of Buccleuch ), was one of Charles's many acknowledged illegitimate children who became prominent in British political life and society.

Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scotland at Scone on 1 January 1651.

With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England.

After the death of Cromwell in 1658, Charles's chances of regaining the Crown at first seemed slim as Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard.

The French ( and their allies ), hoping for détente and good relations with the Austrians, now also recognized the Pragmatic Sanction that would allow Emperor Charles's daughter Maria Theresa to succeed him.

Louis and Charles were also first cousins once removed, Louis's grandmother, Anne of Austria, being sister of Charles's father, Philip IV of Spain.

Charles's subsequent flight has become the stuff of legend and is commemorated in the popular folk song " The Skye Boat Song " ( lyrics 1884, tune traditional ) and also the old Irish song Mo Ghile Mear by Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill.

He also combined Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law to produce a Combined Gas Law.

Not only was she his father Amadeus ' first cousin, in such a way that her rights would naturally descend to this line, but also she was the widow of Charles's paternal uncle Louis of Savoy, Count of Geneva ( d. 1482 ).

In 1713, Charles's great-great-great-grandson Victor Amadeus II of Savoy received confirmation to that title from the Kings of Spain and France, who also claimed it.

Charles's sister Isabella was married to King Edward II of England and was sent to France in 1325, with the official mission of negotiating peace with her brother ; unofficially, some chroniclers suggested that she was also evading Hugh Despenser the elder and Hugh the younger, her political enemies in England.

The application of this rule barred Charles's one-year-old daughter Mary by his third wife, Jeanne d ' Évreux, from succeeding as the monarch, but Jeanne was also pregnant at the time of Charles ' death.

Ferdinand also served as his brother's deputy in the Holy Roman Empire during his brother's many absences, and in 1531 was elected King of the Romans, making him Charles's designated heir in the Empire.

Charles's law ( also known as the law of volumes ) is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated.

Gay-Lussac had also worked with the vapours of volatile liquids in demonstrating Charles's law, and was aware that the law does not apply just above the boiling point of the liquid:

There was also insanity in Charles's family ; his great-great-great (- great-great, depending along which lineage one counts ) grandmother, Queen Joanna of Castile, became insane early in life and became known as " Joanna the Mad "; however, the degree to which her " madness " was induced by circumstances of her confinement and political intrigues targeting her is debated.

Charles's assent to the Petition was also made in Parliament, not in Whitehall, something normally done with statutes, and Henry Elsynge, the Clerk of the House of Commons, had the Petition placed on the statute rolls as if it were an Act of Parliament.

He had also sent back some of his own works, including a portrait ( 1623 ) of himself with Endymion Porter, one of Charles's agents, a mythology ( Rinaldo and Armida, 1629, now in the Baltimore Museum of Art ), and a religious work for the Queen.

He had also painted Charles's sister, Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia in the Hague in 1632.

Although his rule was quite just, unrest was simmering in Sicily because the island played a very subordinate role in Charles's empire — its nobles had no share in the government of their own island and were not compensated by lucrative posts abroad, as were Charles's French, Provençal and Neapolitan subjects ; also the taxes were heavy but they were spent on Charles's wars outside Sicily, making Sicily somewhat of a donor economy to Charles ' nascent empire.

The unrest was also being fomented by agents of the Byzantine Emperor Michael Palaeologus who was desperate to thwart Charles's projected invasion of his empire, and of the Aragonese king Peter III, Manfred's son-in-law, who saw his wife Constance as rightful heir to the Sicilian throne.

One of the twelve commissioners from the House of Commons who attended Charles II at Breda ( 7 May 1660 ), after Charles's accession Herbert was appointed warden of the Forest of Dean ( 18 June ); and also on 30 July, in response to appeals from local gentry, lord lieutenant of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Monmouthshire.

By this time, however, Charles's exiled court had moved to Brussels, where Lucy also was ; in August, a Commonwealth spy reported that she had engaged in a " combat " against one of his chaplains, and emerged victorious.

An early collaboration, A Fault in Friendship ( now lost ) was licensed in 1623 for Prince Charles's Men ; a 1629 solo Brome effort, The Lovesick Maid ( also lost ), was a success for the King's Men.

Charles ' Law was also known as the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac, because Gay-Lussac published it in 1802 using much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787.

They also performed at Buckingham Palace for Prince Charles's 30th birthday party in 1978, and later were guests at the pre-wedding party for his marriage to Lady Diana Spencer in 1981.