His grandfather, Thomas Francis, founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, was the son of Catherine Michelle – a daughter of Philip II of Spain – and the great-grandson of the Emperor Charles V. But of more immediate consequence to Leopold I was the fact that Eugene was the second cousin of Victor Amadeus, the Duke of Savoy, a connection that the Emperor hoped might prove useful in any future confrontation with France.

Having treated with both parties, and received lavish promises from them, he appears to have hoped to be Emperor himself ; but when the election came, he turned to the winning side and voted for Charles.

In addition to helping with the Zeitschrift Adorno was expected to be the Institute's liaison with Benjamin, who soon passed on to New York the study of Charles Baudelaire he hoped would serve as a model of the larger Arcades Project.

The two Bourbon monarchs were also joined by Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, who hoped to secure gains from the Austrian Duchies of Milan and Mantua.

Both the French and the Allies sent envoys to Charles's camp, and the French hoped to encourage him to turn his troops against the Emperor Joseph I, who Charles felt had slighted him by his support for Augustus.

He corresponded with Petrarch and invited this to visit his residence in Prague, whilst the Italian hoped — to no avail — to see Charles move his residence to Rome and reawaken tradition of the Roman Empire.

Charles had achieved the total surprise he hoped for.

Charles had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was badly damaged by storms, and he was left to raise an army in Scotland.

Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain, and the Highland clans indeed provided him with a warm welcome.

Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England, involving upwards of 100, 000 men — to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles.

In May the French invaded, starting the War of Devolution ; Charles hoped, by procrastinating the talks at Breda, to gain enough time to ready his fleet in order to obtain concessions from the Dutch, using the French advance as leverage.

Sir Edward Massey, formerly the Parliamentary governor of Gloucester, was now with Charles, and it was hoped that he would induce his fellow Presbyterians to take arms.

The military quality of the Welsh border Royalists was well proved, that of the Gloucestershire Presbyterians not less so, and, in basing himself on Gloucester and Worcester as his father had done on Oxford, Charles II hoped, naturally, to deal with the Independent faction minority of the English people more effectually than Charles I had earlier dealt with the majority of the people of England who had supported the Parliamentary cause.

However, Sir George Booth gained control of Cheshire ; Charles II hoped that with Spanish support he could effect a landing, but none was forthcoming.

But he was recaptured by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, a participant in the regicide of Charles I who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime.

Charles had hoped that an attack on the Republic could have begun in 1671, but it had to be delayed for a year because the French needed first to establish secure diplomatic relations with two key German principilaties: the Bishopric of Münster and the Archbishopric of Cologne.

He also hoped to have the public support of Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality from Royal Oak, Michigan ; Iowa agrarian radical Milo Reno ; and other dissidents.

The French had hoped to entice Charles XII, King of Sweden, to attack the Empire regarding grievances over the Polish Succession, but in a pre-campaign visit to the King's headquarters at Altranstädt, Marlborough's diplomacy helped placate Charles and prevent his interference regarding the Spanish Succession.

He had hoped that his younger grandson and namesake, Ferdinand I, who was Charles I's brother and had been born and raised in Castile, would succeed him.

The declaration was drawn up by Charles and his three chief advisors, Edward Hyde, the Marquis of Ormond ( James Butler ), and Sir Edward Nicholas, in order to express the terms by which Charles hoped to take up " the possession of that right which God and Nature hath made our due ".

By 1885, Gladstone's second government was in a very weak position, largely as a result of the death of Charles Gordon, and Spencer's efforts to renew the Irish Crimes Act and secure passage of a land purchase bill ran into opposition from the radicals in the Cabinet-Joseph Chamberlain and Sir Charles Dilke-who hoped to use the opportunity of the legislation to pass a greater measure of local self-government for Ireland.

After the death ( c. 735 ) of Odo, who had reluctantly acknowledged Charles ' suzerainty in 719, Charles wished to unite Odo's Duchy to himself, and went there to elicit the proper homage of the Aquitainians.

Jean Moulin, the deputy of Charles de Gaulle, the leader of the Free France resistance movement, was parachuted into Eygalières, in the Bouches-du-Rhône on 2 January 1942 to unite the diverse resistance movements in all of France against the Germans.

Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son, Victor Emmanuel II, and Piedmontese ambitions to unite Italy or conquer Lombardy were, for the moment, brought to an end.

In 718, Charles Martel, with Austrasian support in his war against Neustria, each struggling to unite Francia under their hegemony, appointed one Chlothar IV to rule in Austrasia.

He was acutely aware of the danger posed by the possibility that the Latin West, particularly his neighbors in Italy ( Charles I of Sicily, Pope Martin IV, and the Venetians ) would unite against him and attempt the restoration of Latin rule in Constantinople.

Charles had been married to Anne, Duchess of Brittany ( 1477 – 1514 ), to unite the quasi-sovereign Duchy of Brittany with the Kingdom of France.

Through a series of conferences organised by Charles V, he tried to unite Protestants and Catholics to create a German national church separate from Rome.

Charles ordered Wartensleben to unite with him in order to crush Moreau.

Neither group had an avowed mission to Nazify Britain and instead the two groups would unite to host grand dinners at which leading German figures noted for their Anglophilia or their familial links to the UK such as Rudolf Hess, von Ribbentrop, General Werner von Blomberg, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha would be guests of honour.

King Charles Albert, who ruled Piedmont-Sardinia from 1831 to 1849, aspired to unite Italy under his leadership.

The session of 1530 attempted to calm rising tensions over Protestantism, especially due to fears of the rising Ottoman threat ; the Ottomans under Suleiman had almost taken Vienna in 1529 and Charles V wanted Christianity to unite against this force.

When Charles left Switzerland for the Netherlands, the allies were left with a smaller army under Korsakov, who was ordered to unite with Suvorov's army from Italy.

In 1548, two years after the death of Martin Luther, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried to unite Catholics and Protestants in his realm with a law called the Augsburg Interim.

The aristocracy, in particular, was supported against him by emperor Charles V, who aimed to unite Parma and Piacenza to the Duchy of Milan.

As commander of the Sandomierz Confederation, he thwarted the attempt to unite forces of Stanisław Leszczyński with them of Charles XII of Sweden.

While in Liège, he formed a fast friendship with Charles Rogier and Paul Devaux, together with whom he founded at Liege in 1824 the Mathieu Laensbergh, afterwards Le politique, a journal which helped to unite the Catholic Party with the Liberals in their opposition to the cabinet, without manifesting any open disaffection to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Michael VIII also scored another important diplomatic victory on Charles I by agreeing to unite the two churches in the Second Council of Lyon in 1274.

Born at Solothurn, he was the son of Jean Victor de Besenval, colonel of the regiment of Swiss Guards in the pay of France, who was charged in 1707 by Louis XIV with a mission to Sweden to reconcile Charles XII with the tsar Peter the Great, and to unite them in alliance with France against England.

In the effort to reconcile and unite the contending forces against the Turks, Charles V demanded of the Lutherans a written statement of their doctrines.

Soon Clotaire IV died and Odo gave up on Chilperic and, in exchange for recognising his dukedom, surrendered the king to Charles, who recognised his kingship over all the Franks in return for legitimate royal affirmation of his mayoralty, likewise over all the kingdoms ( 718 ).

Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other in 1422, leaving an infant, Henry VI of England, the nominal monarch of both kingdoms.

Mary's uncle was King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland ; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor.

In addition to their promised allegiance to the other, Louis and Charles pledged their solidarity to oppose their eldest brother Lothair, ruler of Middle Francia and, nominally, emperor of all the Carolingian Empire Frankish kingdoms as well as Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1734, Charles I conquered the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, leaving the Duchy of Parma to his brother Philip ( Filippo I di Borbone-Parma ).

With regard to the political organization of their kingdoms, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees, following the centralizing approach of the Bourbons in France, ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms which had made up the Crown of Aragon ; territories in Spain that had supported the Archduke Charles and up to then had kept their institutions in a framework of loose dynastic union, separate from the rest of the Spanish realm.

* May 26 – In Dover, Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover ending hostilities between their kingdoms.

On 16 August 1290, the latter married his daughter Margaret to Charles of Valois, son of Philip III the Bold, giving her Anjou and Maine for dowry, in exchange for the kingdoms of Aragon and Valentia and the countship of Barcelona given up by Charles.

Her father's brother was King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon.

His parents were King Charles I, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Queen Henrietta Maria, the sister of King Louis XIII of France.

Emperor Charles V ( 1519-1556 ) appointed Mercurino Gattinara ( 1521-1530 ) as " Grand Chancellor of all the realms and kingdoms of the king " ( Großkanzler aller Länder und Königreiche ).

It was with this war as a backdrop that, beginning in 1707, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees, which centralized Spanish rule under the Castilian political and administrative model and in the process abolished the charters of the independently administered kingdoms within Spain – including most notably the Crown of Aragon, which was supporting Charles VI in the conflict.

However, when he was ten years old, his father unexpectedly succeeded his grandnephew Charles II of Savoy as duke and head of the Savoy dynasty, which had now also received the titles of the kingdoms of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia.

Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517.

In 1734, as the Duke of Parma, he conquered the kingdoms of Naples and of Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, reigning as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily.

The pivot of the foreign policy of Christian III was his alliance with the German Protestant princes, as a counterpoise to the persistent hostility of Charles V, who was determined to support the hereditary claims of his nieces, the daughters of Christian II, to the Scandinavian kingdoms.

The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon ( and Navarre ) remained in personal union until their jurisdictional unification in the early 18th century by the Bourbons while Charles abdicated as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in favor of his brother Ferdinand and the personal union with the Spanish kingdoms was dissolved.

However, the two kingdoms would not be legally united until the monarchs ' grandson Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, acceded to both thrones as Charles I of Spain.

When in November 887 Arnulf of Carinthia called a council of the East Frankish nobility to depose Charles the Fat, who had succeeded to all the kingdoms of the Empire by 884, the Lotharingians were one of those who joined him.