There is ample literary evidence to further substantiate that " Chicano " is a self-declaration, as a large body of Chicano literature exists with publication dates far predating the 1950s.

There is also a substantial body of Chicano literature that predates both Raso and the Federal Census Bureau.

At certain points in the 1970s, " Chicano " was the preferred term for reference to Mexican-Americans, particularly in the scholarly literature.

) has had a deep impact in Chicano muralism, graphic design, tattoo art ( flash ), poetry, music, and literature.

This has been seen in Chicano / a literature as well as in speech patterns.

Latina / o literature also became important during this period, starting with acclaimed novels by Tomás Rivera (... y no se lo tragó la tierra ) and Rudolfo Anaya ( Bless Me, Ultima ), and the emergence of Chicano theater with Luis Valdez and Teatro Campesino.

Latina writing became important thanks to authors such as Sandra Cisneros, an icon of an emerging Chicano literature whose 1984 bildungsroman The House on Mango Street is taught in schools across the United States, Denise Chavez's The Last of the Menu Girls and Gloria Anzaldúa's Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza.

** Chicano literature

It traditionally incorporates the study of history, literature, and critical theory, but also includes fields as diverse as law, art, the media, film, religious studies, urban studies, women's studies, gender studies, anthropology, sociology, African American studies, Chicano studies, Asian American studies, American Indian studies, foreign policy and culture of the United States, among other fields.

Drawing on his own background, he has also contributed to Chicano literature, especially with his novel The Miraculous Day of Amalia Gomez, which is taught in several Chicano literature courses in the United States.

Those characteristics notwithstanding it is also important because it was one of four novels published in the last third of the twentieth century which gained academic respect for Chicano literature as an important and nonderivative type of American literature.

The general consensus was that the novel provided Chicano literature with a new and refreshing voice.

He was in high demand as a speaker and the subject of numerous interviews primarily among journalists and publicists who were Chicanos or deeply interested in the development of Chicano literature.

Magic and mediation in Native American and Chicano / a literature author ( s ).

A Spanish novelist's perspective on Chicano / a literature.

Best known for his 1972 novel Bless Me, Ultima, Anaya is considered one of the founders of the canon of contemporary Chicano literature.

Troncoso typically sets aside the polemics about social discomfort sometimes found in contemporary Chicano literature and concentrates instead on the moral and intellectual lives of his characters.

Alvina E. Quintana uses the theory to analyse twentieth century Chicano literature ( see " Ana Castillo's The Mixquiahuala Leters ", in Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicano Literature, Culture and Ideology, Hector Calderon and Jose David Saldivar ( eds ), Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991, pp. 72 – 83 ).

Chicano rap tends to discuss themes of importance to young urban Chicanos.

In recent years, a growing Tex-Mex polka band trend from Mexican immigrants ( i. e. Conjunto or Norteño ) has influenced much of new Chicano folk music, especially in large market Spanish language radio stations and on television music video programs in the U. S. The band Quetzal is known for its political songs.

L. A .' s N. W. A., on their landmark 1988 album Straight Outta Compton, showed heavy influences from Tougher Than Leather-era Run – D. M. C., and Chicano rap act Cypress Hill were definitely influenced by Run – D. M. C.

The two met at the Beverly Hills Hotel, and the conversation turned to juvenile delinquent gangs, a fairly recent social phenomenon that had received major coverage on the front pages of the morning newspapers due to a Chicano turf war.

Komack told the Associated Press that he first tried working with Cheech and Chong on a show about a Chicano and a Nisei.

They claimed that the Department of Immigration was trying to blame the use of a failing economic system on the Chicano population, and that it was responsible for massive deportation and repressive action against Chicano and Mexican workers.

Los Angeles-based band Ozomatli penned a standout song on 2004's Street Signs in solidarity with the Chicano movement called " Santiago ", alluding to Uncle Sam as " Santiago de Aztlán ".

The dignity of minority groups is assaulted on a daily basis with increasing violence against Chicano activist groups.

Following the Blowouts, a group of students, school administrators, and teachers formed the Chicano Coordinating Committee on Higher Education ( CCCHE ), a network to pressure the adoption and expansion of equal opportunity programs in California's colleges.

In the largest such instance, on May 11, 1993, Chicano students at University of California, Los Angeles ( UCLA ) caused damage to the Faculty Center estimated between $ 35, 000 to $ 50, 000 during a riot which ensued following the university administration's rejection of the creation of a Chicano Studies program, an announcement that was made on the eve of César Chávez's funeral.

Soto's poetry focuses on daily experiences, often reflecting on his life as a Chicano.

Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice.

This character survives on drugs, alcohol, and counseling sessions until he transforms into a Chicano activist.

During his thirty-five day imprisonment, the eyes of the world focused on Rio Arriba County and the land-grant cause, and also spurred further action by Chicano activists.

As an academic discipline, it was modeled on the American studies and ethnic studies ( such as Afro-American studies ) and Chicano Studies programs that had arisen shortly before it.

El Plan de Santa Bárbara: A Chicano Plan for Higher Education was written by the Chicano Coordinating Council on Higher Education as a manifesto for the implementation of Chicano Studies educational programs throughout the state of California.

Chicano rock is rock music performed by Chicano groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture.

They were amongst the first rock acts to openly sing about Chicano themes in songs such as " Chicano Power " and " The Ballad of César Chávez " in the late 1960s.

Many Chicano rappers have been heavily influenced by Mexican history, including many themes relevant to the Mexican and Chicano people living in the United States and Mexico.

Chicano identity has expanded from its political origins to incorporate a broader community vision of social integration and nonpartisan political participation.

Hip Hop music has expressed identity politics in the form of black and Chicano nationalism, while Homo hop has expressed Queer identity politics, much like queercore has in the punk and indie scene.

Lowrider culture was made into an artistic expression of identity politics by the Royal Chicano Air Force, an organisation established to support equality for Mexican Americans.

* Retention of Chicano identity and furthering of cultural awareness.

During the 1999 National Conference at Phoenix College, MEChA adopted a document entitled The Philosophy of MEChA which affirmed the more moderate view that " all people are potential Chicanas and Chicanos ", and that " Chicano identity is not a nationality but a philosophy ".

Thus, the principle of nationalism serves to preserve the cultural traditions of La Familia de La Raza and promotes our identity as a Chicana / Chicano Gente .’ MEChA members themselves differ in their interpretations of " La Raza ".

Antonio's successful quest provides the world with a new model of cultural identity — a new American Mestizaje for the American Mestizo known as the Chicano.

Margarite Fernandez Olmos comments on the novel's pioneering position in the Chicano literary tradition: " Bless Me, Ultima blazed a path within the Chicano literary tradition in the novels of identity in which the main characters must redefine themselves within the larger society from the vantage point of their own distinct ethnicity.

" In general, Amy Barrias ' analyses of representative coming-of-age Chicano and American Indian texts, including Bless Me, Ultima allows her to conclude that because American Indian and Chicano ( a ) writers find very little in dominant culture on which to build an identity, they have turned inward to create their own texts of rediscovery.