Since 1998, Harvard University wraps some of the bronze and marble statues on its campus, such as this " Harvard Bixi | Chinese stele ", with waterproof covers every winter, in order to protect them from erosion caused by acid rain ( or, actually, acid snow )

For example: in Africa, the bronze heads of the Kingdom of Benin ; in Europe, Grecian bronzes typically of figures from Greek mythology ; in east Asia, Chinese bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasty — more often ceremonial vessels but including some figurine examples.

* Chinese bronze inscriptions

* An outstanding collection of Chinese antiquities, paintings, and porcelain, lacquer, bronze, jade, and other applied arts

Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2, 000 years ago to coat weapons such as bronze crossbow bolts and steel swords found at the Terracotta Army.

The Ming Chinese also mounted over 3, 000 cast bronze and iron cannon on the Great Wall of China, to defend against the Mongols.

These were replicas in bronze of earlier Chinese money, cowry shells, so they were named Bronze Shell.

* A Chinese magic mirror is an art in which the face of the bronze mirror projects the same image that was cast on its back.

Also unique for Chinese bronzes is the consistent use of high tin bronze ( 17 – 21 % tin ) which is very hard and breaks if stressed too far, whereas other cultures preferred lower tin bronze ( usually 10 %), which bends if stressed too far.

Casting bronze ding-tripods, from the Chinese Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia of Song Yingxing, published in 1637.

* Although pioneered earlier in Korea and by the Chinese official Wang Zhen ( with tin ), bronze metal movable type printing is created in China by Hua Sui in 1490.

* The Chinese Marquis Yi of Zeng is buried ( approximate date ) with lavish tomb items including a 65 set of bronze bells ( bianzhong ) with five octave musical scale and two musical tones that can be produced by each bell.

* The Chinese scholar and printer Hua Sui invents bronze-metal movable type printing in China, although the earlier Wang Zhen had experimented with tin movable type in 1298 and the Koreans had separately innovated bronze movable type.

Chinese ritual bronze wine vessel, Shang Dynasty, 13th century BC, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.

* The oldest known bronze handgun in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in Acheng District that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan in 1287 – 1288.

The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters ' tools and domestic wares.

A few bronze artifacts featured inscriptions, but most direct information comes from oracle bones – turtle shells, cattle scapulae, or other bones, which bear glyphs that form the first significant corpus of recorded Chinese characters.

Archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the possible existence of the Xia dynasty at locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts.

Through the 1960s and 1970s, archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts regarding Xia ; at a minimum, the Xia Dynasty marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang Dynasty.

A Chinese Western Han Dynasty ( 202 BC – 9 AD ) bronze rhinoceros with gold and silver inlay

The Chinese adopted the Scythian-style animal art of the steppes ( descriptions of animals locked in combat ), particularly the rectangular belt-plaques made of gold or bronze, and created their own versions in jade and steatite.

Among these were the teeth of a reptile / mammal hybrid, Plagiaulax dawsoni, " found " in 1891 ( and whose teeth had been filed down in the same way that the teeth of Piltdown man would be some 20 years later ), the so-called " shadow figures " on the walls of Hastings Castle, a unique hafted stone axe, the Bexhill boat ( a hybrid seafaring vessel ), the Pevensey bricks ( allegedly the latest datable " finds " from Roman Britain ), the contents of the Lavant Caves ( a fraudulent " flint mine "), the Beauport Park " Roman " statuette ( a hybrid iron object ), the Bulverhythe Hammer ( shaped with an iron knife in the same way as the Piltdown elephant bone implement would later be ), a fraudulent " Chinese " bronze vase, the Brighton " Toad in the Hole " ( a toad entombed within a flint nodule ), the English Channel sea serpent, the Uckfield Horseshoe ( another hybrid iron object ) and the Lewes Prick Spur.

* The Chinese bronze age ends ( approximate date ).

The findings at Anyang include the earliest written record of Chinese past so far discovered: inscriptions of divination records in ancient Chinese writing on the bones or shells of animals – the so-called " oracle bones ", dating from around 1200 BC.

Turkish inscriptions dated earlier than the Orkhon inscriptions used about 150 symbols, which may suggest tamgas at first imitating the Chinese script and then gradually refined into an alphabet.

In 1811, prompted by discussions with a Chinese student about Chinese script, Silvestre de Sacy considered a suggestion made by Georg Zoëga in 1797 that the foreign names in Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions might be written phonetically ; he also recalled that as long ago as 1761, Jean-Jacques Barthélemy had suggested that the characters enclosed in cartouches in hieroglyphic inscriptions were proper names.

The earliest known inscriptions for Chinese star names were written on oracle bones and date to the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600-c. 1050 BC ).

According to Yin Weixian, the Turkic runic inscriptions record a word uyɣur, which was first transcribed into Chinese as Huí Hé ( 回紇 ), but later, in response to an Uyghur request, changed to Huí Hú ( 回鶻 ) in 788 or 809.

The inscriptions on the oracle bones are divinations, and they provide critical insight into many topics from the politics, economy, and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization.

Ethnic groups in Chinese history refer to various or presumed ethnicities of significance to the history of China, gathered through the study of Classical Chinese literature, Chinese and non-Chinese literary sources and inscriptions, historical linguistics, and archaeological research.

From the late Shāng Dynasty, Chinese writing evolved into the form found in cast inscriptions on Chinese ritual bronzes made during the Western Zhou Dynasty ( c 1066 – 770 BC ) and the Spring and Autumn Period ( 770 – 476 BC ), a kind of writing called 金文 jīnwén " metal script ".

Shangdi can also be referred to simply as " Di ", in the inscriptions found on the oracle bone archeological artifacts and in the Thirteen Classics of Chinese literature, although the interpretation of " Di " can be ambiguous, since dì ( 帝 ) means " divinity " or " emperor "; and, thus, " Di " can be used to refer to various divine spiritual beings or also to actual or legendary emperors.

They figure prominently in the Shang oracle inscriptions, and the dynasty that came to an end only in 1912 was, from the Chinese point of view, barbarian.

Shang Dynasty ( 1600-1046 BCE ) oracle and bronze inscriptions first recorded specific Chinese exonyms for foreigners, often in contexts of warfare or tribute.

The kingdom of Champa ( Campadesa or nagara Campa in Cham and Cambodian inscriptions, written in Devanagari as च ं प ा; Chăm Pa in Vietnamese, 占城 Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt and Zhàn chéng in Chinese records ) was an Indianized kingdom that controlled what is now southern and central Vietnam from approximately the 7th century through to 1832.

There are also some inscriptions in Old Javanese and Chinese.

The inscriptions on the steles are in four languages: Chinese, Jurchen, Mongol, and Tibetan.

* 120 BCE: The Chinese Emperor Han Wudi ( 156 – 87 BCE ) receives two golden statues of the Buddha, according to inscriptions in the Mogao Caves, Dunhuang.

but I am also a young, able and willing girl who wants to study the Chinese language but is not old enough.

And one cannot but wonder whether Marshal Malinovsky, who was blowing hot and cold, exalting peace but also almost openly considering the possibility of preventive war against the West, wasn't trying to keep the Chinese quiet.

Even though this period-known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period-in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely.

Amaranth greens, also called Chau lai ( Hindi ) and Chu or Chua ( Kumauni ), Chinese spinach, hinn choy or yin tsoi (); callaloo, dhantinasoppu ( ದ ಂ ಟ ಿ ನ ಸ ೊ ಪ ್ ಪ ು) / harive ( ಹರ ಿ ವ ೆ) ( Kannada ); త ో టక ూ ర ( Telugu ); Rajgira ( र ा जग ी र ा) ( Marathi ); ம ு ள ை க ் க ீ ர ை ( Tamil ); cheera ച ീ ര ( Malayalam ); bayam ( Indonesian ); phak khom ผ ั กโขม ( Thai ); tampala, or quelite ( Oriya ); Khada Saga, are a common leaf vegetable throughout the tropics and in many warm temperate regions.

It was also widely used by the Chinese for its healing chemicals, curing illnesses such as infections, rashes, and migraines.

Since tomatoes are New World plants, they are also fairly new to China and Chinese cuisine.

Restaurants specializing in Cantonese, Sichuanese, Hunanese, Northern Chinese, Shanghainese, Taiwanese, and Hong Kong traditions are widely available, as are more specialized restaurants such as seafood restaurants, Hong Kong-style diners and cafes ( also known as Cha chaan teng ( 茶餐廳 chácāntīng )), dim sum teahouses, and hot pot restaurants.

Many Chinatown areas also feature Chinese bakeries, boba milk tea shops, roasted meat, vegetarian cuisine, and specialized dessert shops.

These include Hindu astrology ( also known as " Indian astrology " and in modern times referred to as " Vedic astrology ") and Chinese astrology, both of which have influenced the world's cultural history.

Tibetan astrology also shares many of these components but has also been strongly influenced by Chinese culture and acknowledges a circle of animal signs similar to that of the Chinese zodiac ( see below ).

The research also indicates that Italian, Mexican and Chinese ( Cantonese ) have become so adapted to such an extent that " authenticity " is no longer a concern to customers.

The Centauro Wheeled Tank Destroyer of the Italian and Spanish Armies, the Chinese anti-tank gun PTL-02 and the French AMX 10 RC heavy armored car are also good examples.

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

There are also the many North American Indian festivals tied to harvest of autumnally ripe foods gathered in the wild, the Chinese Mid-Autumn or Moon festival, and many others.

Bilge's khaganate spanned vast steppes from the Caspian Sea to Manchuria ; he also invaded the western sections of the Chinese territories.

" Pearl milk tea " is also used by English speakers and overseas Chinese and Taiwanese speakers, but it is usually called bubble tea.

Genetically altered mammalian cells, such as Chinese Hamster Ovary cells ( CHO ), are also used to manufacture certain pharmaceuticals.

A more general binomial theorem and the so-called " Pascal's triangle " were known in the 10th-century A. D. to Indian mathematician Halayudha and Persian mathematician Al-Karaji, in the 11th century to Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam, and in the 13th century to Chinese mathematician Yang Hui, who all derived similar results .< ref > Al-Karaji also provided a mathematical proof of both the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle, using mathematical induction.

Chinese characters can also be written in either direction as well as vertically ( top to bottom then right to left ), especially in signs ( such as plaques ), but the orientation of the individual characters is never changed.

There are also numerous historical constellations not recognized by the IAU, or constellations recognized in regional traditions of astronomy or astrology, such as Chinese, Hindu and Australian Aboriginal.

The 28 lunar mansions are one of the most important and also the most ancient structures in the Chinese sky, attested from the 5th century BC.

In this period, the Chinese worshipped many different gods — weather gods and sky gods — and also a supreme god, named Shangdi, who ruled over the other gods.