The island became infamous for its activity of smuggling illegal Chinese immigrants for local labor.

Most immigrants were illiterate or poorly educated peasants and coolies ( Chinese: 苦力, literally " hard labor "), who immigrated to developing countries in need of labor, such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa, Southeast Asia, Malaya and other places.

* 1848 – California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese immigrants arrives in San Francisco, California.

Therefore a continuation of English culture by recent English immigrants was simple and official policy ; the need to integrate with the Chinese populations was thus limited.

It was also a significant and growing social problem in the continental United States, especially among immigrants of Chinese descent.

Commercial opportunities in the capital of the Dutch colony attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese immigrants.

Eventually, Chinese immigrants introduced keno to the West when they sailed across the Pacific Ocean to help build the First Transcontinental Railroad in the 19th century, where the name was Westernized into boc hop bu and puck-apu.

Expatriates from China have a history going back to the 1940s ; today, many of the Chinese are second-generation children of immigrants who came to the city and worked as dentists, chefs and shoemakers.

" Future together ", as the name implies, is opposed to a racial vision of New Caledonian society, which divides into opposing camps Melanesians native inhabitants and European settlers, and is in favor of a multicultural New Caledonia, better reflecting the existence of large populations of Polynesians, Indonesians, Chinese, and other immigrants.

Global regulation of opium began with the stigmatization of Chinese immigrants and opium dens in San Francisco, California, leading rapidly from town ordinances in the 1870s to the formation of the International Opium Commission in 1909.

Likewise, American law sought to contain addiction to immigrants by prohibiting Chinese from smoking opium in the presence of a white man.

New Zealand imposed a poll tax on Chinese immigrants during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

* attacks on Irish Catholics, the Chinese and other immigrants in the 19th century.

The anti-immigrant violence later focused on Mexicans, Chileans whom came as miners in the California Gold Rush and Chinese immigrants.

Its cast of characters included two illegal immigrants, an Irish landlord, a Chinese Cockney, a Scottish Arab and numerous other racial stereotypes ; Milligan himself took the part of Mr Van Gogh, described as " an illegal Pakistani immigrant ".

Nevada ratified the amendment, but only after being reassured by Senator William Morris Stewart that the amendment would not preclude prohibiting the Chinese and Irish immigrants from voting.

California and Oregon both opposed the measure out of fear of Chinese immigrants, New York initially ratified the amendment, but legislators later attempted to rescind the ratification, a controversial decision that might have resulted in a court challenge, but for the fact that on March 30, 1870, enough states had ratified the amendment for it to become part of the Constitution.

* Chinese, Scandinavian and Irish immigrants laid of railroad tracks in the USA.

* 1867 – 1873 – Chinese, Scandinavian and Irish immigrants lay of railroad tracks in the USA.

France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province of China ( to this day, France continues to attract many Chinese immigrants from this particular province ; Paris, Chinatowns in Belleville, and the XIIIème arrondissement of Paris, both making the Paris Region home to the largest Chinese population in Europe.

South Africa has the largest Chinatown and the largest Chinese population of any African country and remains a popular destination for Chinese immigrants coming to Africa.

A few weeks ago, I read in the Bulletin that there were to be given Chinese classes in Cranston.

I never found it among any of the Chinese with whom I spoke, though granted they were, almost all, members of the official family who, presumably, harbor official thoughts.

The Peiping Chinese were the only major silver seller in the world markets who stopped selling the metal on Monday morning, November 27, anticipating by two days the announcement of the U.S. Treasury that the pegged offering price will be removed.

Chinese and Indian merchants across the street were slamming their steel shutters.

My father went as a missionary to China in a generation that responded to Student Volunteer Movement speakers who held watches in their hands and announced to the students in their audiences how many Chinese souls were going to hell each second because these students were not over there saving them.

But in the Chinese mind, there was little difference between the two -- the bonzes were no more metaphysical than a magician has to be.

Even though this period-known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period-in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely.

The Physiocrats were partially influenced by Chinese agrarianism ; leading physiocrats like François Quesnay were avid Confucianists that advocated China's agrarian policies.

Restaurants ( along with Chinese laundries ) provided an ethnic niche for small businesses at a time when the Chinese people were excluded from most jobs in the wage economy by ethnic discrimination or lack of language fluency.

In New York's Chinatown, the restaurants were known for having a " phantom " menu with food preferred by ethnic Chinese, but believed to be disliked by non-Chinese Americans.

Chinese astronomers were able to view what is modern Antlia from their latitudes, and incorporated its stars into two different constellations.

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.

In Chinese manuscripts, gold, camphor, tortoise shells, hornbill ivory, rhinoceros horn, crane crest, beeswax, lakawood ( a scented heartwood and root wood of a thick liana, Dalbergia parviflora ), dragon's blood, rattan, edible bird's nests and various spices were among the most valuable items from Borneo.

A more general binomial theorem and the so-called " Pascal's triangle " were known in the 10th-century A. D. to Indian mathematician Halayudha and Persian mathematician Al-Karaji, in the 11th century to Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam, and in the 13th century to Chinese mathematician Yang Hui, who all derived similar results .< ref > Al-Karaji also provided a mathematical proof of both the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle, using mathematical induction.

" However, Costas ' comments were made subsequent to the suspension of Chinese coach Zhou Ming after seven of his swimmers were caught using steroids in 1994.

Including these failed drug tests, 27 Chinese swimmers were caught using performance enhancing drugs from 1990 through 1997 ; more than the rest of the world combined.

The population of the Banda Islands prior to Dutch conquest is generally estimated to have been around 13, 000-15, 000 people, some of whom were Malay and Javanese traders, as well as Chinese and Arabs.

In addition, the Chinese Communists were able to fill the political vacuum left in Manchuria after Soviet forces withdrew from the area and thus gained China's prime industrial base.

The Chinese Communists were able to fight their way from the north and northeast, and virtually all of mainland China was taken by the end of 1949.

The Gang of Four, together with disgraced Communist general Lin Biao, were labeled the two major " counter-revolutionary forces " of the Cultural Revolution and officially blamed by the Chinese government for the worst excesses of the societal chaos that ensued during the ten years of turmoil.

With the post Civil War economy in decline by the 1870s, anti-Chinese animosity became politicized by labor leader Denis Kearney and his Workingman's Party as well as by California Governor John Bigler, both of whom blamed Chinese " coolies " for depressed wage levels.

The problem was that whoever gave the order to retreat would be blamed for losing the capital and face harsh criticism from the Chinese public, Tang was very reluctant to bear this responsibility and the consequent blame alone, so he called a meeting of all senior commanders, and he showed them Chiang Kai-shek's permission to retreat when needed, a decision to be made by Tang's headquarters.

Although widely blamed for causing national disunity and losing the country later to the Chinese Ming Dynasty, Hồ Quý Ly's reign actually introduced a lot of progressive, ambitious reforms, including the addition of mathematics to the national examinations, the open critique of Confucian philosophy, the use of paper currency in place of coins, investment in building large warships and cannon, and land reform.

Whilst many local tourism authorities still issue licenses for rickshaw drivers to carry passengers, authorities in China are tightening rules in order to alleviate cheating of tourists ( many rickshaw drivers are renowned for over-charging non-locals and foreign tourists ) and to reduce traffic congestion ( e. g. a typical Chinese cycle-rickshaw will travel at less than 10kmh and is wide enough to fill an entire traffic or bicycle lane and therefore are blamed as a major cause of traffic congestion ), and have been banned in many cities already.

The failure to win the Second Sino-Japanese War was blamed on British and American exploitation of Southeast Asian colonies, even though the Chinese received far more assistance from the Soviet Union.

" () Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time.

There is a potential for conflict and opposing, foreign nationalistic policies if problems for foreign companies and nations are blamed on Chinese economic and scientific advances and Chinese nationalistic policies.

After the events of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, in which Confucianism was blamed for China ’ s weakness and decline in the face of Western aggression, a major Chinese philosopher of the time, Xiong Shili ( 1885-1968 ), established and re-constructed Confucianism as a response.

However, such oral – oriented written discourse has been accused of polluting Modern Standard Chinese, and has been blamed by teachers and educators for the deteriorating language proficiency of Hong Kong's youngsters.

This disappointing performance was blamed mostly on its largely Chinese electorate's distrust of the alliance with PAS.

20th century Chinese intellectuals blamed Confucianism for the scientific and political backwardness of China after the disastrous conflicts with Western military technology at the dawn of the modern era.

Although several Southeast Asian leaders such as Malaysia's Prime Minister blamed the Western-dominated International Monetary Fund for the economic problems, many Indonesians took to the streets and blamed Chinese Indonesians who dominated the Indonesian economy for their economic woes.

Japanese reports blamed the shooting on troops under General He Yaozu ( 賀耀祖 ) reputed to have been responsible for the Nanjing Incident, while the Chinese reports held that Chinese soldiers had been attacked by Japanese.

Because of subscribing Twenty-One Demands supporting Japanese interests, along with Zhang Zongxiang and Cao Rulin, he was blamed as Hanjian (, " Chinese traitor ") by students participating May Fourth Movement after Chinese diplomatic failure in Paris Peace Conference.

In addition, Chinese millers and rice traders were blamed for an economic recession that gripped Siam for nearly a decade after 1905.

The monument on Milton Street lists the names of white miners, but only the tally number for Chinese miners, who were blamed by many white Nanaimoites for the disaster, claiming they could not read signs or instructions.

* September 18, 1931: Japanese agents blew up part of the Japanese owned South Manchurian Railroad at Mukden in northeastern China, and blamed it as an act of sabotage by the Chinese forces.

The Chinese Xinhua General News Service even published an article claiming that the Sudanese government blamed the U. S. for raising cancer rates among the Sudanese people.

The natives were not blamed or mistreated by the Chinese, a Russian wrote that the Chinese under General Liu ' acted very judiciously with regard to the prisoners whom he took.