The diverse ethnic communities – the Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, and other peoples – maintain to varying degrees their own cultural traits, traditions and languages, but in the cities, where slightly more than half of the population now lives, a mixed culture has been emerging since colonial times – in Luanda since its foundation in the 16th century.

In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the Duala of the Cameroon, the Igbo and other peoples of the lower Niger, the Kongo, and the Kasanje kingdom and Chokwe of Angola.

The diverse ethnic communities with their own cultural traits, traditions and native languages or dialects include the Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, and other peoples.

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Chokwe became increasingly involved in trading and raiding, and they expanded in all directions, but chiefly to the north, in part absorbing the Ruund and other peoples.

Portuguese anthropologists and some others accepting their work have placed some of the peoples ( Minungu and Shinji ) in this area with the Mbundu, and the Minungu language is sometimes considered a transitional one between Kimbundu and Chokwe.

There may in fact have been important Mbundu influence on these two peoples, but the work of a number of linguists places their languages firmly with the set that includes Ruund, Lunda, and Chokwe.

Several of the small " kingdoms " saw their advantage in organising an intense caravan trade between Benguela and peoples of the East, in particular the Chokwe and Ganguela, from whom they obtained wax, rubber, and ivory.

Chokwe language and influence then began to dominate northeastern Angola and spread among the Lunda peoples.

In Angola the people with whom the northward-expanding Chokwe came into contact were chiefly Ruund speakers.

As a consequence of this Chokwe activity, a mixed population emerged in parts of Zaire as well as in Angola, although there were virtually homogenous communities in both countries consisting of Chokwe, Ruund, or Southern Lunda.

Large groups of Chokwe currently reside in Angola, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The Chokwe were once one of the twelve clans of the great Lunda Empire of 17th-and 18th-century Angola.

The essentially independent groups constituting what was no more than a Portuguese census category was split by southward penetration of the Chokwe in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.

The kingdom of Lunda came to an end in the 19th century when it was invaded by the Chokwe, who were armed with guns.

The Chokwe, until the latter half of the nineteenth century a small group of hunters and traders living near the headwaters of the Cuango and Cassai rivers, were at the southern periphery of the Lunda Empire and paid tribute to its head.

In the late nineteenth century, the Chokwe went so far as to invade the capital of the much-weakened empire in Katanga.

Other numerically important groups include the closely interrelated Chokwe and Lunda, the Ganguela and Nhaneca-Humbe, in both cases classification terms which stand for a variety of small groups, the Ovambo, the Herero, the Xindonga and scattered residual groups of Khoisan.

The first three infantry battalions were stationed at Chokwe, Cuamba, and Quelimane.

The intermingling of Lunda ( Ruund and Southern Lunda ) and Chokwe, in which other smaller groups were presumably also caught up, continued until about 1920.

The three major tongues ( Ruund, Lunda, and Chokwe ) had long been distinct from each other, although some borrowing of words, particularly of Ruund political titles by the others, had occurred.

In the intra-Angolan political conflict preceding and immediately following independence, there apparently was some division between the northern Lunda-Chokwe, especially those with some urban experience, who tended to support the MPLA, and the rural Chokwe, particularly those farther south, who tended to support UNITA.

All the groups included in the Nganguela ethnolinguistic category spoke languages apparently related to those spoken by the Ruund, Southern Lunda, and Chokwe.

Lwena and Chokwe, although not mutually intelligible, were probably more closely related than Chokwe was to Ruund or Lunda.

For the most part thinly scattered in an inhospitable territory, split by the southern expansion of the Chokwe, and lacking the conditions for even partial political centralization, let alone unification, the groups constituting the category went different ways when nationalist activity gave rise to political movements based in part on regional and ethnic considerations.

Some of the groups in the eastern divisions were represented in the MPLA-PTA, which Mbundu and mestiços dominated, although the Lwena, neighbors of and related to the Chokwe, tended to support UNITA.

The province, including the towns of Xai-Xai and Chokwe, were greatly affected by the 2000 Mozambique flood.

In Southern Angola, several peoples – chiefly the Ovambo and part of the Nyaneka-Khumbi – are entirely organized around the practice of transhumance.

In far southwestern Angola, three categories of Bantu-speaking peoples have been distinguished.

They formed first a regional movement, Uniao das Populações do Norte de Angola ( union of the people of Northern Angola ), then baptized União Nacional das Populações de Angola ( union of Angolan peoples ), and finally the National Front for the Liberation of Angola ( Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola ; FNLA ), which became one of the three Angolan anti-colonial guerrilla movements fighting the Portuguese forces, during the 1960s.

In 1568 Bakongo peoples were invaded by the Jagas ( Yaka ), and the Bakongo were forced to look to the Portuguese for help, which ultimately allowed the Portuguese to establish a colony in Angola on Kongo's territory, in 1575.

The Berber peoples of the Maghreb in the early Middle Ages could be roughly classified into three major groups-the Zenata across the north, the Masmuda concentrated in central Morocco and the Sanhaja, clustered in two areas-the western part of the Sahara and the hills of the eastern Maghreb.

The brew, first described academically in the early 1950s by Harvard ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, who found it employed for divinatory and healing purposes by the native peoples of Amazonian Colombia, is known by a number of different names ( see below ).

Bede's account of the early migrations of the Angles and Saxons to England omits any mention of a movement of those peoples across the channel from Britain to Brittany described by Procopius, who was writing in the sixth century.

Another reason for doubting the literal nature of these early genealogies is that the etymology of the names of several early members of the dynasty do not appear to be Germanic, which is the origin of these peoples.

The Chinese recognized early on during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC-220 AD ) that they were at a disadvantage in lacking the number of horses the northern nomadic peoples mustered in their armies.

They appear to have split into old Persian peoples, Nuristani, and Indian groups at an early stage, possibly between 1500 and 1000 BC in what is today Afghanistan or much earlier as eastern remnants of the Indo-Aryans drifted much further west as with the Mitanni.

The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry can be traced to early peoples, who discovered obtuse triangles in the ancient Indus Valley ( see Harappan Mathematics ), and ancient Babylonia ( see Babylonian mathematics ) from around 3000 BC.

The Germanic peoples had altars erected to the " Mothers and Matrons " and held celebrations specific to them ( such as the Anglo-Saxon " Mothers-night "), and various other female deities are attested among the Germanic peoples, such as Nerthus attested in an early account of the Germanic peoples, Ēostre attested among the pagan Anglo-Saxons and Sinthgunt attested among the pagan continental Germanic peoples.

The history of the petroleum industry in the United States goes back to the early 19th century, although the indigenous peoples, like many ancient societies, have used petroleum seeps since prehistoric times ; where found, these seeps signaled the growth of the industry from the earliest discoveries to the more recent.

** Aryan race, a 19th century and early 20th century term for those peoples who are the native speakers of Indo-European languages

In the early stages of the book when Peig was young they often went to sessions at peoples houses in a practice called ' bothántiocht '.

There are numerous Pashto speakers Pakhtuns from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province who joined their families who were already in Karachi from early 20th century along with Saraikis, Kashmiri, Hinko, Baloch and Punjabi peoples.

In the early medieval period, the region's peoples resisted Christianisation and became subject to attack in the Northern Crusades.

There were several severe disruptions to the Basotho peoples in the early 19th century.

The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period they were advanced for their time, compared to other European nations ( earlier shipbuilding techniques, for example those of Mediterranean peoples, such as ancient Greece and Rome, were far more sophisticated and varied, especially in terms of joinery ).

As Merina dominance expanded over neighboring Malagasy peoples in the early 19th century to establish the Kingdom of Madagascar, Antananarivo became the center of administration for virtually the entire island.

The early history of Monaco is primarily concerned with the protective and strategic value of the Rock of Monaco, the area's chief geological landmark, which served first as a shelter for ancient peoples and later as a fortress.

In the early stages of European colonization in northeastern North America, indigenous peoples showed the arriving colonists how to tap the trunks of certain types of maples during the spring thaw to harvest the sap.

It represents what early peoples would have worn, i. e. a steers's head as a hat, with the hide hanging down the back to protect the neck from the sun, and overall as a way to instill fear in the enemy.

Unusually fine for their early date, and with a remarkably rich survival of evidence, these sites stand as a visible symbol of the achievements of early peoples away from the traditional centres of civilisation ... Maes Howe is a masterpiece of Neolithic peoples.