* S. Runciman, The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy ( Cambridge, 1947 )

* Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C. 650-C. 1450

* S. Runciman, The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy ( Cambridge, 1947 )

* The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy ( 1947 )

* Payton Jr., James R. Irenaeus on the Christian Faith: A Condensation of ' Against Heresies ( Cambridge, James Clarke and Co Ltd, 2012 ).

* Christian Classics Ethereal Library: Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies

His best known work, of widest application, is the Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies, written in collaboration with William Smith.

* This article uses text from A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies by Henry Wace.

A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects a. d Heresies

This article uses text from A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies by Henry Wace.

This article uses text from A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies by Henry Wace.

* This article uses text from A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies by Henry Wace

This article uses text from A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies by Henry Wace

This article uses text from A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies by Henry Wace.

A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A. D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies is a 1911 religious encyclopedia of biographies.

The 4th Century Christian heresiologist Epiphanius of Salamis ( c. 315 – 403 ), bishop of Salamis in Cyprus, author of the Panarion, or Medicine Chest against Heresies, misidentified Philo's Therapeuate as " Jessaens " and considered them a Christian group.

* William C. Irvine ( missionary ), editor of the Indian Christian and author of Modern Heresies Exposed ( 1917 ).

Adversus Haereses ( Against Heresies ) is the standard name of two books on Gnosticism and other Christian heresies, which are also known as:

Although the term " rule of faith " is not used in them, passages in Irenaeus's Against Heresies such as Book 1. 1. 1, or Book 3. 2. 2 are examples of the concept, both describing the Christian fundamental beliefs and also emphasizing the importance of being united to apostolic teachings versus all others.

Later, in the fourth century AD Amasus became the see of a Christian bishop and continued to flourish until the Byzantine period.

Angel-shaped beings appear in ancient Mesopotamian and Greek art and were probably the inspiration for the popular Christian image of angels, a popular subject for Byzantine and European paintings and sculpture.

As the Byzantine Empire was situated in-between the Islamic world and the Christian west, so did Constantinople act as Europe ’ s first line-of-defence against Arab advances in the 7th and 8th centuries.

Bernard Lewis notes that " similar position existed under the laws of Byzantine Empire, according to which a Christian could marry a Jewish woman, but a Jew could not marry a Christian woman under pain of death ".

While the Roman Empire and its new Christian religion survived in an increasingly Hellenised form in the Byzantine Empire centered at Constantinople in the East, Western civilization suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in AD 476.

* 532 – Byzantine Emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia.

Late Roman Empire ( Christian ) 1st-2nd century frescoes were found in catacombs beneath Rome and Byzantine Icons were also found in Cyprus, Crete, Ephesus, Cappadocia and Antioch.

Its history is important to understanding the origin and development of the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Canaanite, Israeli, Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Christian and Islamic cultures.

The Sampo has been interpreted in many ways: a world pillar or world tree, a compass or astrolabe, a chest containing a treasure, a Byzantine coin die, a decorated Vendel period shield, a Christian relic, etc.

Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture.

Within the Byzantine Empire, which included both Christians and Muslims, the government had likely been adopting Christian images more frequently.

These copies joined works that had been preserved directly by Christian monks from Greek and Roman originals, as well as copies Western Christian monks made of Byzantine works.

The first major modifications to the Germanic style of the Lombards came in Pannonia and especially in Italy, under the influence of local, Byzantine, and Christian styles.

The name has been popular in Orthodox Christian countries, and was borne by several rulers of the Byzantine and Russian Empires.

The Christian Byzantine author Eutychius claimed that the Jews of Nazareth helped the Persians carry out their slaughter of the Christians.

Urban, at the council of Clermont, called the First Crusade to assist the Byzantine Empire to regain the old Christian territories, especially Jerusalem.

Boniface obtained leave from the Byzantine Emperor Phocas to convert the Pantheon in Rome into a Christian church, and on 13 May 609 (?

In 1398 and 1399, Boniface IX appealed to Christian Europe in favor of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus, threatened at Constantinople by Sultan Bayezid I, but there was little enthusiasm for a new crusade at such a time.

In 393 A. D., the pankration, along with gladiatorial combat and all pagan festivals, was abolished by edict of the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I. Pankration itself was an event in the Olympic Games for some 1, 000 years.

Historically, Samaritans were a large community — up to more than a million in late Roman times, but were then gradually reduced to several tens of thousands a few centuries ago — their unprecedented demographic shrinkage has been a result of various historical events, including, most notably, the bloody suppression of the Third Samaritan Revolt ( 529 CE ) against the Byzantine Christian rulers, and mass conversion to Islam in the Early Muslim period of Palestine.

The Sampo has been interpreted in many ways: a world pillar or world tree, a compass or astrolabe, a chest containing a treasure, a Byzantine coin die, a decorated Vendel period shield, a Christian relic, etc.

Jewish communities had prospered here under the Roman empire and to some extent under the later Christian Orthodox ( Byzantine ) rule, but under the Visigoth kings a Roman Catholic church-state policy of systematic anti-Semitism was pursued.

Outraged, Kaleb, the Christian King of Aksum with the encouragement of the Byzantine Emperor Justin I invaded and annexed Yemen.