Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe, for which reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.

His book The Classical Groups, a seminal if difficult text, reconsidered invariant theory.

Classical examples of sociological traditions which deny or downplay the question of values are institutionalism, historical materialism ( including Marxism ), behaviorism, pragmatic oriented theories, postmodernism and various objectivist-oriented theories.

Whilst critical theorists usually are defined as Marxist intellectuals, their tendency to denounce Marxist concepts, and to synthesise Marxian analysis with other sociologic and philosophic traditions has been attacked as revisionism, by Classical, Orthodox, and Analytical Marxists, and by Marxist-Leninist philosophers.

The contemporary Parthenon, the largest temple in classical Athens, is also in the Doric order, although the sculptural enrichment is more familiar in the Ionic order: the Greeks were never as doctrinaire in the use of the Classical vocabulary as Renaissance theorists or neoclassical architects.

A classical republic, according to certain modern political theorists, is a state of Classical Antiquity that is considered to have a republican form of government, a state where sovereignty rested with the people rather than a ruler or monarch.

* Three Attitudes: Classical decision theorists and planning research questions the necessity of having all three attitudes, distributed AI research questions whether the three attitudes are sufficient.

Both the above named EBE 899 and other contemporary late Byzantine manuscripts associate nenano with the enharmonic genus ( Jerome of Moravia who had probably been in contact with Greek theorists, already mentioned it during the thirteenth century ), one of the three genera of tuning of Classical antiquity that fell into early misuse because of its complexity.

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

For some this marks the beginning of the " mature " Classical style, where the period of reaction against the complexity of the late Baroque began to be replaced with a period of integration of elements of both Baroque and Classical styles.

In short, the late Classical was seeking a music that was internally more complex.

The clavichord is a European stringed keyboard instrument known from the late Medieval, through the Renaissance, Baroque and Classical eras.

From 1955 onwards, the works of directors of the so-called Polish Film School had a great influence on the contemporary trends such as French New Wave, Italian neorealism or even late Classical Hollywood cinema.

The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet.

Much like Isis and certain late Classical conceptions of Selene, she is held to be the summation of all other goddesses, who represent her different names and aspects across the different cultures.

He remained at the forefront of all new musical tendencies and his music is an important link between the late Baroque and early Classical styles.

Telemann's music was one of the driving forces behind the late Baroque and the early Classical styles.

Classical Chinese painting continued on into the early modern Qing Dynasty, with highly realistic portrait paintings like seen in the late Ming Dynasty of the early 17th century.

In 1985 Classical historian Georg Luck, in his Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, theorised that the origins of the Witch-cult may have appeared in late antiquity as a faith primarily designed to worship the Horned God, stemming from the merging of Cernunnos, a horned god of the Celts, with the Greco-Roman Pan / Faunus, a combination of gods which he posits created a new deity, around which the remaining pagans, those refusing to convert to Christianity, rallied and that this deity provided the prototype for later Christian conceptions of the Devil, and his worshippers were cast by the Church as witches.

Whatever the precise nature of Hecate's transition into folklore in late Antiquity, she is now firmly established as a figure in Neopaganism, which draws heavily on folkloric traditions associating Hecate with ' The Wild Hunt ', witches, hedges and ' hedge-riding ', and other themes that parallel, but are not explicitly attested in, Classical sources.

This article deals primarily with modern scholarship's best reconstruction of Classical Latin's phonemes ( phonology ) and the pronunciation and spelling used by educated people in the late Republic, and then touches upon later changes and other variants.

The subjects that would become the standard " Liberal Arts " in Roman and Medieval times already comprised the basic curriculum in the enkuklios paideia or " education in a circle " of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece.

The term in late Classical sources is either specifically linked to raiders from Ireland, or is geographically ambiguous.

Insight into the vocabulary of late Vulgar Latin in France can be seen in the Reichenau Glosses, written on the margins of a copy of the Vulgate Bible ( written in Classical Latin though intended for the vulgus ), suggesting that the 4th-century words of the Bible were no longer readily understood in the 8th century, when the glosses were likely written.

In the West, the oldest Greek and Latin inscriptions use word dividers, but these are rare in the later periods when scriptio continua becomes the norm ( in Classical Greek and late Classical Latin ).

This however, does not give anything more than an indication of Mozart's own personal taste, based on the fact that he was an educated late Rococo / Classical composer.

The term is often assumed to connote the great Vienna-based masters of the Classical style working in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert.

In late Classical times she was named muse of lyric poetry and depicted holding a flute.

Deïanira or Dejanira ( pronounced, Greek,,, or ; Deïaneira " man-destroyer " or " destroyer of her husband ") is a figure in Greek mythology, best known for being Heracles ' third wife and, in the late Classical story, unwittingly killing him with the Shirt of Nessus.

One version of a late Classical tale relates that she was of such striking beauty that both Heracles and Achelous wanted to marry her and there was a contest to win her hand.

Classical liberalism developed in the 19th century in Europe and the United States.

Classical liberalism was the dominant political theory in Britain from the early 19th century until the First World War.

Classical liberalism is a political ideology that developed in the 19th century in England, Western Europe, and the Americas.

Classical economics, developed in the 18th and 19th centuries, included a value theory and distribution theory.

The conception of a " rebirth " of Classical Latin learning is first credited to an Italian poet Petrarch, the father of Humanism, a term that was not coined until the 19th century, but the conception of a rebirth has been in common use since Petrarch's time.

Classical turbine design methods were developed in the mid 19th century.

Early ' modern ' wargaming, as popularised by Grant and Featherstone, usually broke down the history into " Ancients ", usually Biblical and Classical eras, " Horse and Musket ", covering the 18th and 19th centuries, and " Modern ", World war Two onwards.

Classical architecture has inspired many more recent architects and has led to revivals such as neoclassical architecture from the mid-18th century and the Greek Revival of the 19th century.

A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the Neoclassicism movement in 18th and 19th century Europe and the Americas.

In addition to having a history of some thousands of years in the Neolithic, the Bronze Age, and the Classical period, the ruins in the age of archaeology ; that is, since the 19th century, have undergone a history of their own, from excavation by renowned archaeologists, education and tourism, to occupation as a headquarters by governments warring over the control of the eastern Mediterranean in two world wars.

Various controversies in the 19th century would center on exactly what the implications of " development " and sonata practice actually meant, and what the role of the Classical masters was in music.

* Classical modernity: 1789 – 1900 ( corresponding to the long 19th century ( 1789 – 1914 ) in Hobsbawm's scheme )

In addition, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, synagogues in the Classical Reform Tradition sometimes referred to their Friday evening worship services as " vespers ".

According to the Cambridge History of Classical Literature, he was probably active in the first half of the 4th century, although some scholars of the 19th and early 20th centuries thought he might have lived later in the 4th or even in the 5th century.

Classical methods date back to the 19th century and were first described by Gustav Theodor Fechner in his work Elements of Psychophysics.

** Classical electrodynamics, as formalized by Maxwell in the 19th century.

* Classical thermodynamics, a branch of physics developed in the early 19th century.

* Classical economics is the school of economics developed by Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus in the late 18th and early 19th century.

* Classical liberalism is the strain of thought coming from the fusion of economic liberalism with political liberalism of the late 18th and 19th centuries

Classical orthogonal polynomials appeared in the early 19th century in the works of Adrien-Marie Legendre, who introduced the Legendre polynomials.

* Classical Ottoman Turkish ( language of poetry and administration of the Ottoman empire, 16th to 19th c .)

* Blackie's Inaugural Lecture on Classical Literature and Scottish University Education in the 19th C.