For example, the Case or Controversy Clause of Article Three of the United States Constitution ( Section 2, Clause 1 ) states that " the judicial Power shall extend ... to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party ".

It went to # 2 in the ratings during the 1993 – 1994 season ; that year, Allen had the # 1 book ( Don't Stand Too Close to a Naked Man ) and movie ( The Santa Clause ).

Only the " fundamental rights " under the federal constitution apply to Puerto Rico like the Privileges and Immunities Clause ( U. S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the ' Comity Clause ') that prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner, with regard to basic civil rights.

According to Article II, Section 3, Clause 2 of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress.

* Sandman, a character in The Santa Clause 2

Section 2, Clause 4, provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives, it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement, but the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling.

Clause 2 requires that Congress must assemble at least once each year.

Clause One of Section 2 requires interstate protection of " privileges and immunities ".

It counts all residents for apportionment, overriding Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution, which counted only three-fifths of each state's slave population.

Article I, Section 2, Clause 3:

In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad,, the Supreme Court ruled that ( 1 ) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes ( such as taxes on income " derived from real property " that were the subject of the Pollock decision ), be apportioned among the states according to population ; ( 2 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law ; ( 3 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 requirement that excises, also known as indirect taxes, be imposed with geographical uniformity.

On July 3, 2007, the Court ( through the original three-judge panel ) ruled ( 1 ) that the taxpayer's compensation was received on account of a non-physical injury or sickness ; ( 2 ) that gross income under section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code does include compensatory damages for non-physical injuries, even if the award is not an " accession to wealth ," ( 3 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for non-physical injuries is an indirect tax, regardless of whether the recovery is restoration of " human capital ," and therefore the tax does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I, Section 9, Clause 4, that capitations or other direct taxes must be laid among the states only in proportion to the population ; ( 4 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for non-physical injuries does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I, Section 8, Clause 1, that all duties, imposts and excises be uniform throughout the United States ; ( 5 ) that under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the Internal Revenue Service may not be sued in its own name.

Originally, under Article I, Section 4, Clause 2, the Congress was required to convene at least once each year on the first Monday in December.

" The principal officers in each of the executive departments " are mentioned in Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution.

Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 and Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution both authorize the House of Representatives to serve as a " grand jury " with the power to impeach high federal officials, including the President, for " treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

With a concurrent majority in place, the US Constitution would no longer exert collective authority over the various states and cease to be the “ supreme law of the land ” ( Article 4, Clause 2 ).

( Number 9, Clause 1, Article 2 ) The law also requires that some kinds of biotope which are full of specific variety should not be harmed by development.

In Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional, Akhil Reed Amar and Vikram Amar refer to Article I, Section 6, Clause 2 ( a. k. a., Incompatibility Clause ) as evidence that members of the Congress cannot be in the Presidential line of succession.

PM10 corresponds to the “ thoracic convention ” as defined in ISO 7708: 1995, Clause 6 and PM2. 5 as particles which pass through a size-selective inlet with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 2, 5 μm aerodynamic diameter.

Clause 3. provided that " Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem ... shall come into existence in Palestine two months after the evacuation of the armed forces of the mandatory Power has been completed but in any case not later than 1 October 1948.

It replaced Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, which provided the original procedure by which the Electoral College functioned.

Under the original procedure for the Electoral College, as provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, each elector could cast two votes.

Clause 3. provided as follows :- Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem, set forth in part III of this plan, shall come into existence in Palestine two months after the evacuation of the armed forces of the mandatory Power has been completed but in any case not later than 1 October 1948.

" In his historical account, Justice Thomas argued the early precedent provided by State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co. was indeed correct, and furthered the original intent of the Twenty-first Amendment to provide a constitutional guarantee authorizing state regulation that might conflict with the Dormant Commerce Clause ( similar to the Webb – Kenyon Act ).

Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the Constitution provided for the original fashion by which the President and Vice President were to be chosen by the electors.

The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.

In parliament Healy did not optically cut an imposing figure, but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the Healy Clause in the 1881 Land Act which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements.

He famously wrote, " the full scope of the liberty guaranteed by the Due Process Clause cannot be found in or limited by the precise terms of the specific guarantees elsewhere provided in the Constitution.

Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

Clause 39 of the Magna Carta provided:

Steven F. Huefner wrote that " Although the Presentment Clause analysis of the Line Item Veto Act has superficial appeal, it ultimately does not withstand scrutiny ," arguing that the Court should have relied on the nondelegation doctrine in order to invalidate the Act, as it provided a superior basis for such a decision.

" In the area of the War Powers Clause, the flexibility provided by the requirement for a Congressional statute permitting war ( a declaration of war ) and Constitutional interpretation could be sufficient.

Bingham's main inspiration, at least for his initial prototype of this Clause, was the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article Four of the original unamended Constitution, which provided: " The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

The issue presented to the U. S. Supreme Court was whether the sale of a magazine article provided sufficient minimum contacts to permit the assertion of personal jurisdiction over the editor of that article, pursuant to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

During the 1980s Jarman was one of the still few openly gay public figures in Britain and was a leading campaigner against Clause 28.

He represented Russia at the Hague Peace Conferences, ( during which he drafted the Martens Clause ), and helped to settle the first cases of international arbitration, notably the dispute between France and Great Britain over Newfoundland.

Furthermore, in Article 3, Clause 2, the drafters stated that their intention was not to heavily occupy North-West France after cessation of hostilities with Britain.

In the Preamble to the 1899 Hague Convention II on Land War, the Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the Great Powers who considered francs-tireurs to be unlawful combatants subject to execution on capture and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants.

The most closely decided aspect of the case was the key question of what remedy the Court should order, in view of an Equal Protection Clause violation.

It is not the office of the Commerce Clause to control the decision of the voters on whether government or the private sector should provide waste management services.

To read that a reference to persons in the Equal Protection Clause includes corporations as persons is inconsistent and should not be presumed.

The evolving level of scrutiny applied by Federal courts to Commerce Clause cases should be considered in the context of rational basis review.

The Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise between the Great Powers, who considered francs-tireurs to be unlawful combatants subject to execution on capture, and smaller states, who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants.

The Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the Great Powers who considered francs-tireurs to be unlawful combatants subject to execution on capture and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants.

Specifically, the issue is whether private landowners should be permitted to utilize the machinery of government to exclude others from engaging in free speech on their property ( which means balancing the speakers ' First Amendment rights against the Takings Clause ).

While he believed that the original intention of the Framers should play an important part in constitutional adjudication, he also held that broad phrases like " liberty " in the Due Process Clause could be given an evolving interpretation.

").</ ref > Although the government argued that the scope of the Commerce Clause included this transaction, it also argued that the Preamble's statement that the Constitution was created to " promote the general Welfare " should be understood to permit Congress to regulate transactions such as the one in this case, particularly in the face of an obvious national emergency like the Great Depression.

On the other side, it is argued that the purpose of the Equal Protection Clause is to prevent the socio-political subordination of some groups by others, not to prevent classification ; since this is so, non-invidious classifications, such as those used by affirmative action programs, should not be subjected to heightened scrutiny.

For these historical reasons, Scalia believed, the majority should not have circumvented the strictures of the Ex Post Facto Clause by analyzing what the Tennessee Supreme Court had done under the rubric of due process.

Thus, in Black's view, the Slaughterhouse Cases should not impede incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states, via the Privileges or Immunities Clause.

The majority, speaking through Justice William Strong, held that categorical exclusion of blacks from juries for no other reason than their race did indeed violate the Equal Protection Clause, since the very purpose of the Clause was " to assure to the colored race the enjoyment of all the civil rights that under the law are enjoyed by white persons, and to give to that race the protection of the general government, in that enjoyment, whenever it should be denied by the States.

Also in 2001, he was one of four Canadian Alliance MPs to break party ranks and vote against the Chrétien government's Anti-Terrorism Act, arguing that it violated traditional civil liberties and should be time-limited by a " Sunset Clause ".

At issue was whether the Court should continue to inquire into the purpose behind a religious display and whether evaluation of the government's claim of secular purpose for the religious displays may take evolution into account under an Establishment Clause of the First Amendment analysis.

Justice Benjamin Cardozo held that the Due Process Clause protected only those rights that were " of the very essence of a scheme of ordered liberty " and that the court should therefore gradually incorporate the Bill of Rights onto the States as justiciable violations arose, based on whether the infringed right met that test.

Clause 42 of the Organic Bylaws of MAS-IPSP stipulated that candidates in national and local elections should be elected through direct vote at assemblies.

Pilon further urges that the Article IV Clause should be reinterpreted as protecting a wide variety of natural rights, despite " its more recent history of interpretation or enforcement.