The wording is specified in Article Two, Section One, Clause Eight:

Two sets of current or former students and their respective mothers — one Mormon, the other Catholic — objected to this practice and filed a suit on the basis of a violation of the Establishment Clause.

* 2006: Adam Green, The Answer, Apocalyptica, Archive, Arctic Monkeys, Ben Harper & the Innocent Criminals, Ben Jammin, Billy Talent, Blackmail, Coheed and Cambria, The Cooper Temple Clause, Death Cab for Cutie, Nada Surf, dEUS, Delays, Donavon Frankenreiter, Duels, Elbow, Element of Crime, Fettes Brot, Hard-Fi, Karamelo Santo, Klee, Lagwagon, The Lightning Seeds, Live, Mad Caddies, Mando Diao, Manu Chao Radio Bemba Sound System, Maxïmo Park, Photonensurfer, The Raconteurs, Muse, Panteón Rococó, Seeed, Shout Out Louds, Sigur Rós, Skin, The Brian Jonestown Massacre, The Cardigans, The Feeling, The Hives, The Kooks, The Strokes, Tomte, Two Gallants, Wallis Bird, The Weepies, Wir sind Helden, Within Temptation, Wolfmother, Zebrahead

The court case, which was a consolidation of two separate lawsuits, pitted the Dormant Commerce Clause doctrine, inferred from the Constitution's Article I, against Section Two of the 21st Amendment.

The Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law.

Clause 2 requires that Congress must assemble at least once each year.

Clause One of Section 2 requires interstate protection of " privileges and immunities ".

Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction.

The Court has ruled that, in certain circumstances, the Due Process Clause requires a judge to recuse himself on account of concern of there being a conflict of interest.

( Number 9, Clause 1, Article 2 ) The law also requires that some kinds of biotope which are full of specific variety should not be harmed by development.

While each state has plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors, it is unclear whether Article I, Section 10, Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before this compact could take effect.

* Baker v. State, 170 Vt. 194 ; 744 A. 2d 864 ( Vt. 1999 ) ( Common Benefits Clause of the state constitution requires that same-sex couples be granted the same legal rights as married persons )

Specifically, the Supreme Court has ruled that in certain circumstances, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires a judge to recuse himself on account of a potential or actual conflict of interest.

The question presented by this case was whether the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution requires that undergraduate students be allowed to participate in the election of the Pennsylvania State University board of trustees — thereby allowing them to have a voice in the board's makeup.

In the United States, Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution requires that direct taxes imposed by the national government be apportioned among the states on the basis of population.

Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U. S. 254 ( 1970 ), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires an evidentiary hearing before a recipient of certain government benefits ( welfare ) can be deprived of such benefits.

The constitutional issue to be decided, therefore, is the narrow one whether the Due Process Clause requires that the recipient be afforded an evidentiary hearing before the termination of benefits.

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that those procedures be fundamentally fair in all respects.

As such the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires states to honor requests for jury trials.

Proponents have also argued that the Free Exercise Clause affirmatively requires government acceptance, on the grounds that government interference with or failure to accommodate an eruv constitutes discrimination against or inhibition of the constitutional right of free exercise of religion.

The so-called " Kimo Clause " now requires that defenders take every opportunity to avoid hitting a quarterback at or below the knees when the quarterback is in a defenseless position looking to throw with both feet on the ground.

* Elf Liberation Flight from the movie Santa Clause

Only the " fundamental rights " under the federal constitution apply to Puerto Rico like the Privileges and Immunities Clause ( U. S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the ' Comity Clause ') that prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner, with regard to basic civil rights.

* Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding other federal offices, including the presidency.

" Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict.

When an individual, or entity, has no " minimum contacts " with a forum State, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits that State from acting against that individual, or entity.

The Court's mandatory jurisdiction came from three sources ; the Optional Clause of the League of Nations, general international conventions and special bipartite international treaties.

This came from three sources ; the Optional Clause of the League of Nations, general international conventions and " special bipartite international treaties ".

Since the Spending Clause of the United States Constitution vests only Congress with power to spend money from the public fisc, the Supreme Court has held that only Congress may waive sovereign immunity, and Congress may place limitations on any such waiver.

Accommodationists, on the other hand, read the Establishment Clause as prohibiting the Congress or any state from declaring an official religion or preferring one to another, but hold that laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional.

As such, for many conservatives, the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishing of a state church, not from publicly acknowledging God and " developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals.

In describing what constituted " gross disproportionality ," the Court could not find any guidance from the history of the Excessive Fines Clause and so relied on Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause case law:

In the 20th century, complex economic challenges arising from the Great Depression triggered a reevaluation in both Congress and the Supreme Court of the use of Commerce Clause powers to maintain a strong national economy.

Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness.

However, the Supreme Court repudiated this concept in Afroyim v. Rusk,, as well as Vance v. Terrazas,, holding that the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment barred the Congress from revoking citizenship.

In the decades following the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court overturned laws barring blacks from juries ( Strauder v. West Virginia, 1880 ) or discriminating against Chinese Americans in the regulation of laundry businesses ( Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 1886 ), as violations of the Equal Protection Clause.

The Court went even further in restricting the Equal Protection Clause in Berea College v. Kentucky ( 1908 ), holding that the states could force private actors to discriminate by prohibiting colleges from having both black and white students.

In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad,, the Supreme Court ruled that ( 1 ) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes ( such as taxes on income " derived from real property " that were the subject of the Pollock decision ), be apportioned among the states according to population ; ( 2 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law ; ( 3 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 requirement that excises, also known as indirect taxes, be imposed with geographical uniformity.

According to the party, withholding domestic partnership rights from same-sex couples is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution.

Also, Article I, Section 3, Clause 7 allows the Senate, upon voting to remove an impeached federal official from office, to disqualify that official from holding any federal office.

In Swain, the court recognized that a " State's purposeful or deliberate denial to Negroes on account of race of participation as jurors in the administration of justice violates the Equal Protection Clause ".

However, Justice Thomas, the fifth justice in the majority, criticized substantive due process and declared instead that he reached the same incorporation only through the Privileges or Immunities Clause.

This interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause continued into the 1960s and the ascendancy of the Warren Court under chief justice Earl Warren.

In Lochner v. New York, justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., arguing in dissent of the court's verdict that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution required state legislation to respect an individual's liberty of contract, famously wrote: " The Fourteenth Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics.

This case changed that to some extent, though the " traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice " are drawn from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Aristotle's notions of justice.

Since no other justice, either in majority or dissent, attempted to question his rationale, this is considered by some as a revival of the Privileges or Immunities Clause.