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Clausewitz and had
German military history had previously been influenced by Carl von Clausewitz, Alfred von Schlieffen and von Moltke the Elder, who were proponents of maneuver, mass, and envelopment.
Clausewitz espoused a romantic conception of warfare, though he also had at least one foot planted firmly in the more rationalist ideas of the European Enlightenment.
Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and Leo Tolstoy, both of which were inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era.
On War is actually an unfinished work ; Clausewitz had set about revising his accumulated manuscripts in 1827, but did not live to finish the task.
Clausewitz was among those intrigued by the manner in which the leaders of the French Revolution, especially Napoleon, had changed the conduct of war through their ability to motivate the populace and to gain access to the full resources of the state ; thus unleashing war on a greater scale than had previously been seen in Europe.
Clausewitz was well educated and had strong interests in art, history, science, and education.
It has been blamed for the level of destruction involved in the First and Second World Wars, but it seems rather that Clausewitz ( who did not actually use the term " total war ") had merely foreseen the inevitable development that started with the huge, patriotically motivated armies of the Napoleonic wars.
The two most significant students of his work were Carl von Clausewitz, a Prussian with a background in philosophy, and Antoine-Henri Jomini, who had been one of Napoleon's staff officers.
Only the misplacement of Russian forces by Kutuzov over both Bagration's and Barclay's protest prevented the ruin of the French army that day, both the Prussian Staff Officer Karl von Clausewitz, the historian and future author of On War, and Alexander I of Russia noting that the poor positioning of troops in particular had hobbled the defense.
In this they were following their training in the Prussian military tradition of Carl von Clausewitz, who had argued that the focus of the offensive must be the enemy's " centre of gravity " ( Schwerpunkt ).
He had to judge whether the moment was favorable for starting a war of liberation ; and, whatever might be the enthusiasm of his junior staff-officers, Yorck had no illusions as to the safety of his own head, and negotiated with Clausewitz.
A disciple of Carl von Clausewitz, whose theory of war was more an effort to grasp its essential nature, rather than of Jomini, who expounded a system of rules, Moltke regarded strategy as a practical art of adapting means to ends, and had developed the methods of Napoleon in accordance with altered conditions of his age.
For Foucault this was the exact opposite because after the Second World War, the war machine that was unleashed was due to the fact that the system of economic rationality had completely broken down and the organisational network of world trade ( world trade starting period 1870 ) and its accompanied trade settlement system had completely become untenable in which trust in the final payment settlement system had completely vanished, settlements of payment of trade were never met ; they were simply not paid, therefore initiating the military machine and the Carl von Clausewitz dream " War is the continuation of politics by other means " precipitating the systematic slaughtering of millions.
Excellence in this case is derived in part from the tradition of Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Carl von Clausewitz and Helmuth von Moltke and was based upon the premise that hard-and-fast rules had no place in the environment of war, which was the realm of human emotion, friction, chance and uncertainty.

Clausewitz and many
This view ignores, among many other things, the facts that Clausewitz died in the early 19th century, that Prussia itself was not a " nation-state ," and that the Napoleonic Wars included many non-conventional conflicts of which Clausewitz was well aware.
Keegan was described as " profoundly mistaken " and Bassford stated that " Nothing anywhere in Keegan's work – despite his many diatribes about Clausewitz and ' the Clausewitzians ' – reflects any reading whatsoever of Clausewitz's own writings.
In any case, the names of many cities, including Berlin ( meaning ' little swamp '), and some surnames, most notably those of ' typically Prussian ' nature like ' von Clausewitz ' or ' Virchow ', still reflect the Slavic roots of this part of Germany.
The recognition of total war since World War I has created a degree of confusion for many, who fail to understand the differences between it and the concept of absolute war, often using the terms interchangeably and blaming Germany's conduct of " total war " on the writings of Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz.

Clausewitz and which
Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in Upper Silesia, which was eventually confirmed, but now is doubted by scholars.
In the service of the Russian Empire, Clausewitz helped negotiate the Convention of Tauroggen ( 1812 ), which prepared the way for the coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom that ultimately defeated Napoleon and his allies.
Clausewitz was appointed chief of staff of the only army Prussia was able to mobilize, which was sent to the Polish border.
The degree to which Clausewitz managed to revise his manuscript to reflect that synthesis is the subject of much debate.
Nonetheless, Clausewitz conceived of war as a political, social, and military phenomenon which might — depending on circumstances — involve the entire population of a nation at war.
Clausewitz himself never saw the 20th-century states and armies to which Creveld refers — the states with which he himself was familiar were quite different.
In fact, the words people, army, and government appear nowhere in the paragraph in which Clausewitz defines his famous Trinity.
This is badly dated ( based on the 1873 Graham translation ), severely abridged ( leaving out, for instance, Book Six on defense — which Clausewitz considered to be the stronger form of warfare ), and badly biased ( because of its Vietnam War era and the editor's hostility to " neo-Clausewitzian " Henry Kissinger ).
The breakthrough of sorts made by Clausewitz in suggesting eight principles on which such methods can be based, in Europe, for the first time presented an opportunity to largely remove the element of chance and error from command decision making process.
Clausewitz defined the ‘ order of battle ’ asthat division and formation of the different arms into separate parts, or sections, of the whole Army, and that form of general position or disposition of those parts which is to be the norm throughout the whole campaign or war .”
In 1960, as Cold War tensions were near their peak following the Sputnik crisis and amidst talk of a widening " missile gap " between the U. S. and the Soviets, Kahn published On Thermonuclear War, the title of which clearly alluded to the classic 19th-century treatise on military strategy, On War, by German military strategist Carl von Clausewitz.
In this treatise of military theory, van Creveld develops what he calls the non-trinitarian theory of warfare, which he juxtaposes to the famous work by Clausewitz, On War
Manuel de Landa, in War in the Age of Intelligent Machines ( 1991 ), argued that the Prussian army now favoured the Jominian theory, which gave preeminence to the Army and to its autonomy, compared to the civilian control advocated by Clausewitz.
However, Corbett was interested in the diplomatic alliance systems and coalitions formed before and during a war, and he was concerned with the economic and financial dimensions of waging war as well as with the technological and material aspects of war, which were of no interest to Clausewitz.
Between the World Wars the Germans again reviewed their doctrine and completely revised their approach again, perhaps getting back to some of the von Clausewitz ideas which were now enabled by motor transport.
To further understand concepts used by the German military in World War II, upon which maneuver warfare is largely based, Boyd studied Clausewitz, Jomini and the Napoleonic era.
In his book On War, Carl von Clausewitz defines the term as one that :" Denotes properly such a portion of the space over which war prevails as has its boundaries protected, and thus possesses a kind of independence.

Clausewitz and most
While Clausewitz was intensely aware of the value of intelligence at all levels, he was also very skeptical of the accuracy of much military intelligence: " Many intelligence reports in war are contradictory ; even more are false, and most are uncertain ....
Fascinatingly the man who probably understood Clausewitz better than most, Marshal Foch would initially participate in events that nearly destroyed the French Army.
This is an important support measure for maneuver warfare to be most effective and was copied by von Clausewitz.
* von Clausewitz, Carl, The most important principles of waging war to complete my course of instruction for his Royal Highness the Crown Prince (), 1812 Translated and edited by Hans W. Gatzke as " Principles of War, September 1942, The Military Service Publishing Company
The standard translation today ( though probably not the most accurate version ) is Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed ./ trans.
For example, the two books that are usually considered the most famous classics on warfare Sun Tzu's The Art of War and Clausewitz ' On War seem to have diametrically opposed views on the matter.

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