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Clausewitz and was
German strategist Carl von Clausewitz stated that " the employment of battles ... to achieve the object of war " was the essence of strategy.
Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz (; July 1, 1780 – November 16, 1831 ) was a Prussian soldier and military theorist who stressed the moral ( in modern terms, " psychological ") and political aspects of war.
Clausewitz was born on June 1, 1780 in Burg bei Magdeburg, Kingdom of Prussia, the fourth and youngest son of a middle-class family.
Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in Upper Silesia, which was eventually confirmed, but now is doubted by scholars.
Clausewitz was held prisoner in France from 1807 to 1808.
In 1815, the Russo-German Legion was integrated into the Prussian Army and Clausewitz re-entered Prussian service.
Clausewitz was promoted to Major-General in 1818 and appointed director of the Kriegsakademie, where he served until 1830.
Clausewitz was appointed chief of staff of the only army Prussia was able to mobilize, which was sent to the Polish border.
Clausewitz constantly sought to revise the text, particularly between 1827 and his departure on his last field assignment, to include more material on " people's war " and forms of war other than between states, but little of this material was included in the book.
While Clausewitz was intensely aware of the value of intelligence at all levels, he was also very skeptical of the accuracy of much military intelligence: " Many intelligence reports in war are contradictory ; even more are false, and most are uncertain ....
Clausewitz was among those intrigued by the manner in which the leaders of the French Revolution, especially Napoleon, had changed the conduct of war through their ability to motivate the populace and to gain access to the full resources of the state ; thus unleashing war on a greater scale than had previously been seen in Europe.
Clausewitz was well educated and had strong interests in art, history, science, and education.
This view ignores, among many other things, the facts that Clausewitz died in the early 19th century, that Prussia itself was not a " nation-state ," and that the Napoleonic Wars included many non-conventional conflicts of which Clausewitz was well aware.
Clausewitz himself never saw the 20th-century states and armies to which Creveld refers — the states with which he himself was familiar were quite different.
This military revolution was described and codified by Clausewitz.
He suggested that this was primarily so because as Clausewitz suggested, " unlike in any other science or art, in war the object reacts ".
The book's significance is attested to by the fact that until the middle of 2008, it was included on the list of required reading for United States Army officers, and ( with Sun Tzu and Clausewitz ) the third non-American entry on the list.

Clausewitz and professional
Clausewitz and Jomini are required reading for today's military professional officer.
His works, however, were not translated into English for some time, hence the reputation of him held by professional military theorists in English-speaking countries has not reached the significance of Clausewitz, for example.

Clausewitz and soldier
* June 1-Carl von Clausewitz, soldier and military historian and theorist ( died 1831 )

Clausewitz and who
German military history had previously been influenced by Carl von Clausewitz, Alfred von Schlieffen and von Moltke the Elder, who were proponents of maneuver, mass, and envelopment.
It has been blamed for the level of destruction involved in the First and Second World Wars, but it seems rather that Clausewitz ( who did not actually use the term " total war ") had merely foreseen the inevitable development that started with the huge, patriotically motivated armies of the Napoleonic wars.
On War is a work rooted solely in the world of the nation state, says historian Martin Van Creveld, who alleges that Clausewitz takes the state " almost for granted " as he rarely looks at anything previous to Westphalia.
Fascinatingly the man who probably understood Clausewitz better than most, Marshal Foch would initially participate in events that nearly destroyed the French Army.
The two most significant students of his work were Carl von Clausewitz, a Prussian with a background in philosophy, and Antoine-Henri Jomini, who had been one of Napoleon's staff officers.
In this they were following their training in the Prussian military tradition of Carl von Clausewitz, who had argued that the focus of the offensive must be the enemy's " centre of gravity " ( Schwerpunkt ).
The concept arose from Prussian military analyst Carl von Clausewitz, who wrote:
This resulted in some Prussians leaving their army to avoid serving the French, like Carl von Clausewitz, who joined Russian service.
A disciple of Carl von Clausewitz, whose theory of war was more an effort to grasp its essential nature, rather than of Jomini, who expounded a system of rules, Moltke regarded strategy as a practical art of adapting means to ends, and had developed the methods of Napoleon in accordance with altered conditions of his age.
Another granddaughter was Marie von Brühl, who married Carl von Clausewitz.
During the siege and pursuit, Carl von Clausewitz, a German officer in Russian service, who is later to become famous as a military theorist and writer, is a character.
This interpretation was later mis-accredited to the more renowned Carl von Clausewitz, initially by Helmuth von Moltke the Elder who supported arguments for strategies of annihilation with quotes from Clausewitz.
Clausewitz, who disliked Jomini personally, as well as his concepts, instead emphasized the primacy of the political in warfare, and remained indifferent to theories arguing for any absolute solutions via the application of military force.
Clausewitz's trilogies ( albeit used out of context ) are contested by Liddell Hart, who claims in Strategy that a poor choice of words by Clausewitz led his interpreters to overestimate the value of annihilation battles.
Clausewitz states that "... it follows that he who uses force unsparingly, without reference to bloodshed involved, must obtain a superiority if his adversary uses less vigour in application force ".
The recognition of total war since World War I has created a degree of confusion for many, who fail to understand the differences between it and the concept of absolute war, often using the terms interchangeably and blaming Germany's conduct of " total war " on the writings of Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz.

Clausewitz and military
Clausewitz entered the Prussian military service at the age of twelve as a Lance-Corporal, eventually attaining the rank of Major-General.
Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and Leo Tolstoy, both of which were inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era.
Clausewitz introduced systematic philosophical contemplation into Western military thinking, with powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning.
Nonetheless, Clausewitz conceived of war as a political, social, and military phenomenon which might — depending on circumstances — involve the entire population of a nation at war.
In any case, Clausewitz saw military force as an instrument that states and other political actors use to pursue the ends of policy, in a dialectic between opposing wills, each with the aim of imposing his policies and will upon his enemy.
All other forms of intrastate conflict, such as rebellion, are not accounted for because, in theoretical terms, Clausewitz could not account for warfare before the state ( However, near the end of his life, Clausewitz grew increasingly aware of the importance of non-state military actors.
Vom Kriege () is a book on war and military strategy by Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz ( 1780 – 1831 ), written mostly after the Napoleonic wars, between 1816 and 1830, and published posthumously by his wife in 1832.
Conversely, Clausewitz has also been seen as " The preeminent military and political strategist of limited war in modern times.
In the 1832 treatise On War, Prussian military general and theoretician Carl von Clausewitz defined war as follows: " War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.
* November 16 – Carl von Clausewitz, German military strategist ( b. 1780 )
* June 1 – Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian military strategist ( d. 1831 )
The father of modern strategic study, Carl von Clausewitz, defined military strategy as " the employment of battles to gain the end of war.
As Clausewitz stated, a successful military strategy may be a means to an end, but it is not an end in itself.
In his seminal book On War the Prussian Major-General and leading expert on modern military strategy Carl von Clausewitz defined military strategy as " the employment of battles to gain the end of war.
Hence, Clausewitz placed political aims above military goals, ensuring civilian control of the military.

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