Concubinage was an institution practiced in ancient Rome that allowed a man to enter into an informal but recognized relationship with a woman ( concubina, plural concubinae ) not his wife, most often a woman whose lower social status was an obstacle to marriage.

Concubinage is an interpersonal relationship in which a person engages in an ongoing relationship ( usually matrimonially oriented ) with another person to whom they are not or cannot be married ; the inability to marry is usually due to a difference in social status or economic condition.

Concubinage differed from marriage chiefly in the status of children born from the relationship.

Basic biological requirements, for reproduction and care of the young, are served by the institutions of marriage and family, for example, by creating, elaborating and prescribing the behaviors expected for husband / father, wife / mother, child, etc.

Since 2008 she has served as Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority – the UK government regulator for assisted reproduction.

Beginning with the October 1959 issue of the Journal, the method of production of copy for photo-offset reproduction was changed from varityping to hot typesetting.

By relaxing the throat muscles and expanding the oral cavity well into the frontal sinuses, she could direct the vowel sounds into the most felicitous position for proper reproduction through her throat microphone.

They needed to develop behaviours suitable for reproduction in a terrestrial environment.

Lacking these membranes, amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage.

The ringed caecilian ( Siphonops annulatus ) has developed a unique adaptation for the purposes of reproduction.

Their goal was to regain access to Eden by finding the correct formula for perfect living, following specific rules governing agriculture, diet, and reproduction.

Marsupials have two nether orifices: one for excreting both solids and liquids ; the other for reproduction, which appears as a vagina in females and a penis in males.

Female placental mammals have completely separate orifices for defecation, urination, and reproduction ; males have one opening for defecation and another for both urination and reproduction, although the channels flowing to that orifice are almost completely separate.

Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the archaea, bacteria, and protists.

While all prokaryotes reproduce asexually ( without the formation and fusion of gametes ), mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such as conjugation, transformation and transduction are sometimes likened to sexual reproduction.

The term shmoo has also entered the lexicon, defining highly technical concepts in no less than four separate fields of science, including the variations shmooing ( a microbiological term for the " budding " process in yeast reproduction ), and shmoo plot ( a technical term in the field of electrical engineering ).

* not developing eyes allows the individual more energy for growth and reproduction

) The Beatles did a cover version of " Words of Love " that was a close reproduction of Holly's version, released on late 1964's Beatles for Sale ( in the U. S., in June 1965 on Beatles VI ).

Among solitary and primitively social bees, however, lifetime reproduction is among the lowest of all insects, as it is common for females of such species to produce fewer than 25 offspring.

Proof sheets were the means by which syndicates provided newspapers with black-and-white line art for the reproduction of strips ( which they arranged to have colored in the case of Sunday strips ).

* Compact Cassette used with sound recording and reproduction and data storage for early microcomputers

For example, caterpillars ( butterfly larvae ) are specialized for feeding whereas adult butterflies ( imagos ) are specialised for flight and reproduction.

Chlorine is very rare in lunar regolith, and a substantially faster rate of reproduction could be assured by importing modest amounts.

The Bremerhaven Zoo in Germany attempted to encourage reproduction of endangered Humbolt penguins by importing females from Sweden and separating three male pairs, but this was unsuccessful.

Reduces losses from stomach, hookworm, and nodular worms by interfering with reproduction of the female worm by reducing the number of eggs laid and essentially rendering all laid eggs sterile.

* A bisexual flower, in botany, one that possesses both male ( pollen-producing ) and female ( seed-producing ) parts ; see Sexual reproduction in plants

It has been hypothesized that this reproductive adaptation allows a single female to enter an isolated ecological niche ( such as an island ) and by parthenogenesis produce male offspring, thereby establishing a sexually reproducing population ( via reproduction with her offspring that can result in both male and female young ).

Some alchemists, impressed by this idea, speculated on the culture of the mandragore, and experimented in the artificial reproduction of a soil sufficiently fruitful and a sun sufficiently active to humanise the said root, and thus create men without the concurrence of the female.

Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates.

In mammals, pregnancy is the period of reproduction during which a female carries one or more live offspring from implantation in the uterus through gestation.

Although groups may contain more than one female, the dominant female suppresses ovulation in subordinates, causing her to be the only one capable of reproduction.

Another, more recently developed, theory, the Handicap principle of Amotz Zahavi, Russell Lande and W. D. Hamilton, holds that the fact that the male of the species is able to survive until and through the age of reproduction with such a seemingly maladaptive trait is effectively considered by the female to be a testament to his overall fitness.

In biology, sexual reproduction is a process of combining and mixing genetic traits, often resulting in the specialization of organisms into a male or female variety, each known as a sex.

Sexual reproduction is accomplished by the transfer of a spermatophore from the male to the female ; scorpions possess a complex courtship and mating ritual to effect this transfer.

In speculative fiction, female-only worlds have been imagined to come about by the action of disease that wipes out men, along with the development of technological or mystical method that allow female parthenogenic reproduction.

When a female reproduces without such parasitic meals, she is said to practise autogenous reproduction, as in Toxorhynchites ; otherwise, the reproduction may be termed anautogenous, as occurs in mosquito species that serve as disease vectors, particularly Anopheles and some of the most important disease vectors in the genus Aedes.

In humans, the " default " processes of reproduction result in an individual with female characteristics.

" Though sex cells are placed in a part of the anatomy for the essential purpose of easily expelling them into the female for the purpose of reproduction, there are other elements in the sexual fluid which are the essence of blood, nerve, brain, and muscle.

In sexual reproduction the male attaches to a feeding stage and impregnates a budding female.

In speculative fiction, female-only worlds have been imagined to come about by the action of disease that wipes out men, along with the development of technological or mystical method that allow female parthenogenic reproduction.

Even in these situations, however, where survival is not in question, the variety and the quality of food, e. g. as presented by male to female monkeys in exchange for sex in some species, still has an impact on reproduction, however it becomes a sexual selection factor.

Aristotle claimed that the male principle was the driver behind sex determination, such that if the male principle was insufficiently expressed during reproduction, the fetus would develop as a female.

Although reproduction is normally asexual, for at least one specie, under stress conditions, female fleas produce male fleas.

In 2008, a flurry of announcements revealed further developments with human same-sex reproduction, with a patent application filed by an American researcher specifically on methods for creating human female sperm using artificial or natural Y chromosomes and testicular transplantation.

Concerning sexual reproduction, Aristotle argued that the male parent provided the " form ," or soul, that guided development through semen, and the female parent contributed unorganized matter, allowing the embryo to grow.

This article notes that male plastinates were presented in ' heroic ' ' manly ' roles, including the The Rearing Horse and Rider, The Muscleman and his Skeleton, The Fencer, The Runner, and The Chess Player, while female plastinates were shown in terms of beauty, passivity or reproduction, such as the Reclining Pregnant Woman, a plastinate whose womb is exposed to show her unborn child in " a pose taken straight from pornographic cliche "; and The Swimmer, " suspended, midair, in the graceful position of a swimmer.