He concluded that Condillac's notion of passive receptivity as the one source of conscious experience was an error of method – in short, that the mechanical mode of viewing consciousness as formed by external influence was fallacious and deceptive.

In France Condillac's doctrine, so congenial to the tone of 18th century philosophism, reigned in the schools for over fifty years, challenged only by a few who, like Maine de Biran, saw that it gave no sufficient account of volitional experience.

His principal work Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations was published in 1749, three years after Condillac's Essai sur l ' origine des connaissances humaines, in which similar theories were expounded.

In both cases the profession was hardly more than nominal, and Condillac's whole life, with the exception of an interval as tutor at the court of Parma, was devoted to speculation.

A friendship with Rousseau, which lasted in some measure to the end, may have been due in the first instance to the fact that Rousseau had been domestic tutor in the family of Condillac's elder brother, Jean Bonnot, known as Monsieur de Mably, at Lyon.

Thanks to his natural caution and reserve, Condillac's relations with unorthodox philosophers did not injure his career ; and he justified abundantly the choice of the French court in sending him to Parma to educate the orphan duke, then a child of seven years.

Condillac's work on politics and history, contained, for the most part, in his Cours d ' études, offers few features of interest, except so far as it illustrates his close affinity to English thought: he had not the warmth and imagination to make a good historian.

It is obvious enough that Condillac's anti-spiritual psychology, with its explanation of personality as an aggregate of sensations, leads straight to atheism and determinism.

Condillac's ' Le Commerce et le Gouvernement ' ( published in 1776, the same year as Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations ) attempted to place economics in a coherent logical framework.

Much of Condillac's work reflected mainstream Physiocrats, particularly his analysis of the structure of taxation and proposals for the revival of the economy, but he also proposed another line of argument, claiming that producers work to obtain utility.

As was fitting to a disciple of Locke, Condillac's ideas have had most importance in their effect upon English thought.

Condillac's collected works were published in 1798 ( 23 vols.

A Critical Study of Condillac's Traité des Systèmes.

It is important to notice the energy of his declaration against the argument of ontology, and also against Condillac's sensationalism.

; Two Metaphysical Beings: Condillac's sensitive statue inhabited by a new-formed soul which becomes human through sensory perception ( starting with smell ); a creature that can only sense the outside world through a moveable feeler.

It had an influence on Condillac's Grammaire ( 1775 ) and a very important role in the birth of a scientific conception of language.

She got her knowledge of Troy from the Histoire ancienne jusqu ' à César, and chose an anti-Trojan position.

* Louis Duchesne, Histoire ancienne de l ' Église, II, 95 – 7.

* Histoire de l ' astronomie ancienne, 1775

** Histoire de l ' astronomie ancienne, Paris: M < sup > me </ sup > V < sup > e </ sup > Courcier, 1817.

" Sparte et la société spartiate ", Économie et société en Grèce ancienne, Seuil, " Points Histoire " collection, 1984.

This thesis he sustained in his Histoire des institutions politiques de l ' ancienne France, the first volume of which appeared in 1874.

* Histoire des institutions politiques de l ' ancienne France.

* Le comte du Buat, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l ' Europe, T. 11.

However, his Histoire ancienne de l ' Église, 1906 ‑ 11 ( translated as Early History of the Christian Church ) was considered too modernist by the Church during the " Modernist crisis " and was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books in 1912.

* Histoire des conquètes et de l ' établissement des Français dans les états de l ' ancienne Grèce sous es Villehardouin ( 1846, unfinished )

Histoire ancienne du Tibet ( 1961 ) Librairie d ' Amérique et d ' orient, Paris

In the area of geography, he published La monde maritime ( 4 vols., 1818 ), Histoire générale des voyages ( 21 vols., 1826 – 1831 ) and Géographie ancienne, historique et comparée des Gaules ( 3 vols., 1839, new ed.

Among his best-known publications are the large Histoire ancienne des peuples de l ' Orient classique ( 3 vols., Paris, 1895-1897, translated into English by Mrs McClure for the S. P. C. K.

* Histoire ancienne des États hindouisés d ' Extrême-Orient, 1944

Besides the separate works noticed above, d ' Anville's maps executed for Rollin's Histoire ancienne and Histoire romaine, and his Traité des mesures anciennes et modernes ( 1769 ), deserve special notice.

* Tableau chronologique de l ' Histoire ancienne et moderne

His works are numerous: Les Fées au Moyen âge and Histoire des légendes pieuses au Moyen âge ; two books filled with ingenious ideas, which were published in 1843, and reprinted after the death of the author, with numerous additions under the title Croyances et légendes du Moyen âge ( 1896 ); Histoire des grands forts de la Gaule et de l ' ancienne France ( 1850, a 3rd ed.

revised, appeared in 1867 under the title Les Forts de la Gaule et de l ' ancienne France ); La Terre et l ' homme, a general historical sketch of geology, geography and ethnology, being the introduction to the Histoire universelle, by Victor Duruy ( 1854 ); Histoire des religions de la Grèce antique, ( 3 vols., 1857 – 1859 ); La Magie et l ' astrologie dans l ' antiquité et dans le Moyen âge ( 1863 ); Histoire de l ' ancienne Académie des sciences ( 1864 ); Histoire de l ' Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres ( 1865 ); a learned paper on the reports of French archaeology, written on the occasion of the Exposition Universelle ( 1867 ); a number of articles in the Encyclopédie moderne ( 1846 – 1851 ), in Michaud's Géographie universelle ( 1858 and seq.

Museums, Theaters and other Cultural Sites: Conservatoire de musique at Place Neuve 5, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Fonds cantonal d ' art contemporain, Ile Rousseau and statue, Institute and Museum of Voltaire with Library and Archives, Mallet House and Museum international de la Réforme, Musée Ariana, Musée d ' Art et d ' Histoire, Museum d ' art moderne et contemporain, Museum d ' ethnographie, Museum of the International Red Cross, Musée Rath, Muséum d ' histoire naturelle, Salle communale de Plainpalais et théâtre Pitoëff, Villa Bartholoni et Museum d ' Histoire et Sciences

* Histoire de l ' astronomie moderne, 1782

He wrote widely on philosophy, politics and ethics, on idealistic lines: La Famille, Histoire de la philosophie dans l ' antiquité et dans le temps moderne, Histoire de la science politique, Philosophie de la Revolution Française, etc.

** Histoire de l ' astronomie moderne, Paris: M < sup > me </ sup > V < sup > e </ sup > Courcier, 1821.

* JS Bailly, Histoire de l ' astronomie moderne, t. III, ( ed.

Along with his brother and two colleagues he published in 1806 a Biographie moderne ou dictionnaire des hommes qui se sont fait un nom en Europe, depuis 1789, the earliest work of its kind ; and in 1811 appeared the first volume of his Histoire des croisades ( History of the Crusades ) and also the first volume of his Biographie universelle.

* Histoire d ' une Grecque moderne ( Amsterdam 2 vols., 1740 )

* Histoire d ’ une Grecque moderne, éd.

1821, Histoire de L ' astronomie moderne ( Paris )

The first volume of his Histoire de la littérature moderne, La Renaissance, de Dante a Luther ( 1884 ), was crowned by the French Academy.

Other works were Biographie sacrée ( 1825 – 1826 ); Histoire sainte et analyse de la Bible ( 1839 ); Orthodoxie moderne ( 1842 ); Christologie ( 1858 ), & c.

* Histoire de la philosophie moderne, à partir de la renaissance des lettres jusqu ' à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, 4 vol., 1847

His Histoire de la science fiction moderne ( 1973 ) was a major encouragement for the serious, academic study of SF, particularly among the East European peoples of that time, because the book was seen as very respectable, and, it was European, continental, while almost everything else science-fictional was produced across the Lamanche and across the Atlantic.

His Histoire de la science-fiction moderne, 1911-1971 of Modern SF ” ( 1973 ; in 2 volumes 1975 ; revised 1984 ) is a lengthy and enthusiastic survey of the field, but has been criticized for lacking deep critical analysis and containing too many sweeping generalizations and personal prejudices.

* Référence: Dictionnaire de Biographie et d ' Histoire ( Dezobry et Bachelet )| Dictionnaire général de biographie et d ' histoire, de mythologie, de géographie ancienne et moderne comparée, des antiquités et des institutions grecques, romaines françaises et étrangères, en collaboration avec Théodore Bachelet ( 1863 )