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Conium maculatum has been used as a sedative and in treatments for arthritis and asthma in addition to its most famous use: as a “ humane ” method of killing criminals and philosophers.
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Conium and maculatum
), celery ( Apium graveolens ), arracacha ( Arracacia xanthorrhiza ), poison hemlock ( Conium maculatum ), sea holly ( Eryngium spp.
Conium ( or ) is a genus of two species of highly poisonous perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Europe and the Mediterranean region as Conium maculatum, and to southern Africa as Conium chaerophylloides.
19th-century illustration of Conium maculatum
By far the more familiar species is Conium maculatum ( Hemlock or Poison Hemlock ).
Agonopterix ulicetella, a native of Europe, has been introduced to New Zealand and Hawaii in an attempt to control the European Gorse ( Ulex europaeus ), and the Defoliating Hemlock Moth ( Agonopterix alstroemeriana ) has been used against Conium maculatum poison hemlock in the USA.
The common name hemlock may also be confused with poison hemlock ( Conium maculatum ).
Conium and has
There has been some dispute whether it was a hemlock of the genus Cicuta or the genus Conium which was used in ancient Greece as state poison.
Like several other species in Apiaceae, its appearance is similar to several poisonous species ( Conium, Heracleum, and others ), and should not be consumed unless it has been identified with absolute certainty.
Conium and used
** Hemlock ( Conium ), two species, one formerly used as a method of execution
Conium and its
Precise identification before picking is very necessary due to its similar appearance to Hemlock ( Conium ), to which it is related.
Conium and .
Unlike poison hemlock ( Conium ), the species of Tsuga are not poisonous.
Typical ingredients in alleged recipes include hemlock ( Conium spp.
Conium comes from the Greek konas ( meaning to whirl ), in reference to vertigo, one of the symptoms of ingesting the plant.
Conium contains the pyridine alkaloids coniine, N-methylconiine, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine and gamma-coniceine ( or g-coniceïne ), which is the precursor of the other hemlock alkaloids.
Although many have questioned whether this is a factual account, careful attention to Plato's words, modern and ancient medicine, and other ancient Greek sources point to the above account being consistent with Conium poisoning.
In Europe, Cicuta was not distinguished from the similar genus Conium before the year 1500.
maculatum and has
Ambystoma maculatum has several methods of defense, including hiding in burrows or leaf litter, autotomy of the tail, and a toxic milky liquid they excrete when perturbed.
maculatum and for
Ramsons leaves are easily mistaken for lily of the valley, sometimes also those of Colchicum autumnale and Arum maculatum.
* USDA PLANTS Profile for Arum maculatum ( cuckoo pint )
maculatum and its
C. maculatum is a weed known almost worldwide by its toxicity to many domestic animals and to human beings.
maculatum and famous
Arum maculatum is also known as the cuckoo pint in the British Isles and is named thus in Nicholas Culpepers ' famous 16th Century herbal.
maculatum and .
** Spotted darter, Etheostoma maculatum.
File: wildgeranium. jpg | Geranium maculatum
Image: Arum maculatum. jpeg | Arum maculatum ( spadix )
* Hieracium maculatum Sm.
* Zygopetalum maculatum Spotted Zygopetalum ( Peru to E. Brazil ).
The Spotted Salamander or Yellow-spotted Salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum ) is a mole salamander common in the eastern United States and Canada.
Eggs of A. maculatum can have a symbiotic relationship with a green alga, Oophila amblystomatis.
* White-spotted Salamander ( P. punctatus ), not to be confused with the Spotted Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum
Leaves and Inflorescence of the Arum maculatum, 2.
Other Lepidoptera species whose larvae sometimes feed on Hypericum include Common Emerald, The Engrailed ( recorded on Imperforate St. John's-wort, H. maculatum ), Grey Pug and Setaceous Hebrew Character.
When the leaves of ramsons and Arum maculatum first sprout they look similar, however unfolded Arum maculatum leaves have irregular edges and many deep veins while ramsons leaves are convex with a single main vein.
C. maculatum is known by several common names.
C. maculatum is native in temperate regions of Europe, West Asia, as well as North Africa.
has and been
Besides I heard her old uncle that stays there has been doin' it ''.
Southern resentment has been over the method of its ending, the invasion, and Reconstruction ; ;
The situation of the South since 1865 has been unique in the western world.
The North should thank its stars that such has been the case ; ;
As it is, they consider that the North is now reaping the fruits of excess egalitarianism, that in spite of its high standard of living the `` American way '' has been proved inferior to the English and Scandinavian ways, although they disapprove of the socialistic features of the latter.
In what has aptly been called a `` constitutional revolution '', the basic nature of government was transformed from one essentially negative in nature ( the `` night-watchman state '' ) to one with affirmative duties to perform.
For lawyers, reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences, there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the Supreme Court in that transformation -- the manner in which its decisions altered in `` the switch in time that saved nine '', President Roosevelt's ill-starred but in effect victorious `` Court-packing plan '', the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation.
Labor relations have been transformed, income security has become a standardized feature of political platforms, and all the many facets of the American version of the welfare state have become part of the conventional wisdom.
Historically, however, the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the Western civilizational group.
In recent weeks, as a result of a sweeping defense policy reappraisal by the Kennedy Administration, basic United States strategy has been modified -- and large new sums allocated -- to meet the accidental-war danger and to reduce it as quickly as possible.
The malignancy of such a landscape has been beautifully described by the Australian Charles Bean.
There has probably always been a bridge of some sort at the southeastern corner of the city.
Even though in most cases the completion of the definitive editions of their writings is still years off, enough documentation has already been assembled to warrant drawing a new composite profile of the leadership which performed the heroic dual feats of winning American independence and founding a new nation.
Madison once remarked: `` My life has been so much a public one '', a comment which fits the careers of the other six.
Thus we are compelled to face the urbanization of the South -- an urbanization which, despite its dramatic and overwhelming effects upon the Southern culture, has been utterly ignored by the bulk of Southern writers.
But the South is, and has been for the past century, engaged in a wide-sweeping urbanization which, oddly enough, is not reflected in its literature.
An example of the changes which have crept over the Southern region may be seen in the Southern Negro's quest for a position in the white-dominated society, a problem that has been reflected in regional fiction especially since 1865.
In the meantime, while the South has been undergoing this phenomenal modernization that is so disappointing to the curious Yankee, Southern writers have certainly done little to reflect and promote their region's progress.
Faulkner culminates the Southern legend perhaps more masterfully than it has ever been, or could ever be, done.
The `` approximate '' is important, because even after the order of the work has been established by the chance method, the result is not inviolable.
But it has been during the last two centuries, during the scientific revolution, that our independence from the physical environment has made the most rapid strides.
In the life sciences, there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease, in the mechanisms of heredity, and in bio- and physiological chemistry.
Even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking, but where some explanations are possible, as with lightning and weather and earthquakes, the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated.
The persistent horror of having a malformed child has, I believe, been reduced, not because we have gained any control over this misfortune, but precisely because we have learned that we have so little control over it.
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