In 351, as a consequence of the difficulty of managing the entire empire alone, Constantius elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus, the eldest surviving son of Constantius ' half-uncle, Julius Constantius, to the subordinate rank of Caesar, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his cousin's violent and corrupt nature.

Shortly after in 355, Constantius promoted Gallus ' younger half-brother and Constantius ' last surviving cousin, Julian to the rank of Caesar.

The massacre left Constantius, his older brother Constantine II, his younger brother Constans, and three cousins Gallus, Julian and Nepotianus as the only surviving male relatives of Constantine the Great.

However, feeling that the east still required some sort of imperial presence, he elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus to Caesar of the eastern provinces.

In the meantime, Constantius had been receiving some disturbing reports regarding the actions of his cousin Gallus.

Constantius Gallus was a paternal cousin of Constantius.

Constantius then requested the presence of Gallus and Constantina.

However, after some convincing by one of Constantius ’ agents, Gallus continued his journey west, passing through Constantinople and Thrace to Poetovio ( Ptuj ) in Pannonia.

In Poetovio, Gallus was arrested by the soldiers of Constantius under the command of Barbatio.

At first, this so greatly angered Constantius that he immediately ordered Gallus ' execution.

Unfortunately for Gallus, this order was delayed by Eusebius, one of Constantius ‘ eunuchs, and as a result Gallus was executed.

Constantius II ordered the murders of many descendants from the second marriage of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, leaving only Constantius and his brothers Constantine II and Constans I, and their cousins, Julian and Gallus ( Julian's half-brother ), as the surviving males related to Emperor Constantine.

In need of support, in 351 he made Julian's half-brother, Gallus, Caesar of the East, while Constantius II himself turned his attention westward to Magnentius, whom he defeated decisively that year.

Constantius, after his experience with Gallus, intended his representative to be more a figurehead than an active participant in events, so he packed Julian off to Gaul with a small retinue and Constantius ' prefects in Gaul would keep him in check.

* 351 – Constantius II elevates his cousin Gallus to Caesar, and puts him in charge of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.

* Constantius Chlorus defeats the Franks on the Rhine frontier in Batavia ( Netherlands ).

In 293 Carausius was isolated when the western Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, retook some of his Gallic territories, particularly the crucial port of Bononia ( modern Boulogne ), and defeated his Frankish allies in Batavia.

However, when Constantius requested reinforcements from Julian ’ s army for the eastern campaign, the Gallic legions revolted and proclaimed Julian Augustus.

As he was dying, Constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor ; consequently Constantine was declared emperor by the legions at York.

With the re-organization of the Roman Army ( Constantius I Chlorus ), the legions guarding the border lost their importance to the comitatus, the main, cavalry-based army behind the limes.

* 360 – With a Persian war imminent, Constantius orders Julian to send several legions east.

The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground when the Western Roman Empire's Constantius died unexpectedly in 306, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Augustus of the West by the legions in Britain.

While Constantius sailed from Boulogne, Asclepiodotus took a section of the fleet and the legions from San Dun Sandouville and oppidum near Le Havre, slipping past Allectus's fleet at the Isle of Wight under cover of fog, and landed presumably in the vicinity of Southampton or Chichester, where he burned his ships.

First to a daughter of his half-uncle Julius Constantius, whose name is unknown.

Gallus, whose bonds to Constantius had been weakened, stayed in Antioch.

Constantius I " Chlorus " married twice ; his first wife St. Helena bore him a son, Constantine I whose second wife Fausta ( daughter of Maximian and Eutropia ; sister of Maxentius ; half-sister of Constantius I's second wife Theodora ) bore him three sons ( Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans I ) and two daughters ( Constantia and Helena ); these children were nieces and nephews of Maxentius, half-nieces and half-nephews of Licinius ( who had married their father's half-sister ), and grandchildren of Maximian.

Valentinian I was the twice-married brother of Valens ; his first wife Marina Severa bore him one son ( Gratian, whose first wife was Constantia, the daughter of Constantius II ), and his second wife Justina ( the widow of Magnentius ) bore him two children, a daughter ( Galla, the second wife of Theodosius I ; see below ) and a son ( Valentinian II ).

However, in 337, after the death of Constantine, several male members of the Constantinian dynasty were killed, among them Constantius ( whose property was confiscated ) and his eldest son ; his two younger sons however survived, because in 337 they were still children, and later were elevated to the rank of co-emperor and the emperor.

Dioclesian begat Galerius, Galerius begat Constantine the Great the son of Helen, Constantine begat Con-stantius, Constantius begat Maximianus, with whom the British soldiers went from Britain, and he slew Gratian the Roman emperor, and held the government of all Europe ; and he did not dismiss the soldiers, which he brought with him from Britain to return to their country on account of their bravery, but gave them many provinces and countries, that is from the pool which is on the top of the mountain of Jupiter to the city named Cantguic, and until the western mound that is Cruc Ochideint ; and from those soldiers arose a nation which is called Lettau. 1 Maximianus therefore begat Owain, Owain begat Nor, Nor begat Solor, Solor begat Glywys, Glywys begat Gwynlliw, Gwynlliw begat the most blessed Cadoc of whom we are speaking.

The sudden death of the nonentity Emperor Honorius 15 August 423, which followed the death of the more active Constantius III ( 421 ) and the exile of Empress Galla Placidia to Constantinople ( Spring 423 ), created a power vacuum " if it can be so described ", observes John Matthews, " was filled, as we should expect, by usurpation.

The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of Constantius II ( 317-361 ), when their island was already dominated by the Salii, a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons.

However, Constantius realised that too many threats still faced the Empire, and he could not possibly handle all of them by himself, so on 6 November 355, he elevated his last remaining relative, Julian, to the rank of Caesar.

Despite rejecting these terms, Constantius still tried to avert war with the Sassanid Empire by sending two embassies to Shapur II.

The obelisk, still recognizably a solar symbol, had been moved from Karnak to Alexandria with what is now the Lateran obelisk by Constantius II ).

In 355, after deposing his cousin Gallus but still feeling the crises of the empire too much for one emperor to handle, Constantius raised his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar.

About the year 346 he composed a work entitled De errore profanarum religionum, which he dedicated to Constantius II and Constans, the sons of Constantine, and which is still extant.

In 355 he was made a senator ; and the letter is still extant, in which Constantius recommends him to the senate, and speaks in the highest terms both of Themistius himself and of his father.

As a reward, Constantius conferred upon him the honour of a bronze statue ; and, in 361, he was appointed to the praetorian rank by a decree still extant.

Even assuming he's referring to Constantius II, there is still a 22-year gap between the death of " Constantine " and Maximus ' revolt.

Ultimately, Constantius was able to push back the invasion, Shapur failing to make any significant gains.

In 304, Maximian met up with Galerius, probably to discuss the succession issue and Constantius either was not invited or could not make it due to the situation on the Rhine.

According to Socrates, after Constantine was proclaimed Caesar then Emperor, he ordered that all honor be paid to his mother, Helena to make up for the neglect paid her by her former husband, Constantius Chlorus.