Constantine's son Constantius II, who had become Emperor of the eastern part of the Empire, actually encouraged the Arians and set out to reverse the Nicene creed.

After Constantius ' death in 361, his successor Julian the Apostate, a devotee of Rome's pagan gods, declared that he would no longer attempt to favor one church faction over another, and allowed all exiled bishops to return ; this had the objective of further increasing dissension among Christians.

He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against Claudius Silvanus, who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in Gaul.

Like many ancient historians, Ammianus had a strong political and religious agenda to pursue, however, and he contrasted Constantius II with Julian to the former's constant disadvantage ; like all ancient writers he was skilled in rhetoric, and this shows in his work.

In May 357 the Roman laity, which had remained faithful to Liberius, demanded that Constantius, who was on a visit to Rome, should recall Liberius.

In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, the popular St Athanasius now had the opportunity to return to his patriarchate.

The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of Constantius II ( 317-361 ), when their island was already dominated by the Salii, a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons.

In 351, as a consequence of the difficulty of managing the entire empire alone, Constantius elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus, the eldest surviving son of Constantius ' half-uncle, Julius Constantius, to the subordinate rank of Caesar, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his cousin's violent and corrupt nature.

Before facing Magnentius, Constantius first came to terms with Vetranio, a loyal general in Illyricum who had recently been acclaimed emperor by his soldiers.

In the meantime, Constantius had been receiving some disturbing reports regarding the actions of his cousin Gallus.

Silvanus had surrendered to Constantius after the Battle of Mursa Major.

Constantius had made him magister militum in 353, with the purpose of blocking the German threats, a feat that Silvanus achieved by bribing the German tribes with the money he had collected.

In 360, when news reached Constantius that Shapur II had destroyed Singara, and taken Kiphas ( Hasankeyf ),

Apparently, realising his death was near, Constantius had himself baptised by Euzoius, the Semi-Arian bishop of Antioch, and then declared that Julian was his rightful successor.

Constantius seems to have had a particular interest in the religious state of the Roman Empire.

Constantius and his successor had expanded the power of Bishops placing them on the same level as civic elites.

It is possible that Flavius Constantius, the governor of Dalmatia and Diocletian's associate in the household guard, had already defected to Diocletian in the early spring.

Gaul was again a source of troubles for Honorius: just after Constantius ' troops had returned to Italy, Jovinus revolted in northern Gaul, with the support of Alans, Burgundians, and the Gallic nobility.

The province's defences had been rebuilt in the preceding years, and although his health was poor Constantius wished to penetrate into enemy territory.

Those of a different belief had to recognize that the process of consolidation, which imperial legislation had effected from the time of Constantius II, would now vigorously continue.

Events had already begun to ripen towards a fresh crisis shortly after the advent of Constantius to sole power, on the death of his brother Constans in the year 350.

Rather than pursuing his opponent, Constantius then turned his attention to securing the Danubian border, where he spent the early months of 352 campaigning against the Sarmatians along the middle Danube.

Constantius spent much of the rest of 353 and early 354 on campaign against the Alamanni on the Danube frontier.

Constantius spent the next few years overseeing affairs in the western part of the empire primarily from his base at Mediolanum.

Constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the Franks who were the allies of Allectus, as northern Gaul remained under the control of the British usurper until at least 295.

His efforts were not at first successful, for at the synod of Biterrae ( Béziers ), summoned in 356 by the Emperor Constantius with the professed purpose of settling the longstanding disputes, Hilary was, by an imperial rescript, banished with Rhodanus of Toulouse to Phrygia, where he spent nearly four years in exile.

After electing Magnus Decentius ( probably his brother ) to Caesar and gathering as many troops as possible, the armies of Magnentius and Constantius met in the Battle of Mursa Major in 351 ; Magnentius led his troops into battle, while Constantius spent the day of battle praying in a nearby church.

Constantius also took an active part in attempting to shape the Christian church.

Constantius remained in Britain for the rest of the time he was part of the Tetrarchy, dying in York in July 306.

* 351 – Constantius II elevates his cousin Gallus to Caesar, and puts him in charge of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.

In 300, he fought against the Franks on the Rhine frontier, and as part of his overall strategy to buttress the frontier, Constantius settled the Franks in the deserted parts of Gaul to repopulate the devastated areas.

Eusebius's Life of Constantine claims that Constantius was himself a Christian, although he pretended to be a pagan, and while Caesar under Diocletian, took no part in the Emperor's persecutions.

However, in Constantius ' lifetime tribune had acquired a looser definition, and often was used to indicate any military officer, whether part of the Imperial army or part of a town militia.

It was probably created as part of the administrative reforms of the Roman Emperor Diocletian after the defeat of the usurper Allectus by Constantius Chlorus in 296 AD.

Britannia Secunda was one of the provinces of Roman Britain in existence by c. 312 AD and probably created as part of the administrative reforms of the Roman Emperor Diocletian after the defeat of the usurper Allectus by Constantius Chlorus in 296 AD.

In late 361 he took part in the Chalcedon tribunal to condemn the ministers of Constantius II, and in 362, he was made consul as a reward by the new Emperor Julian ; on January 1 of that year he delivered a panegyric in Constantinople by way of thanks to the Emperor.

He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militum.

In early 337, Constantius hurried to Constantinople after receiving news that his father was near death.

While Constantius was away from the eastern frontier in early 337, Shapur assembled a large army, including war elephants, and launched an attack on Roman territory, laying waste to Mesopotamia and putting Nisibis under siege.

Constantius, enraged, began preparations for a military conflict with the eastern empire but before he could commence the planned intervention, he died early in 422.

Though his early reception in the city seems to have been lukewarm, Procopius won favor quickly by using propaganda to his advantage: he sealed off the city to outside reports and began spreading rumors that Valentinian had died ; he began minting coinage flaunting his connections to the Constantinian dynasty ; and he further exploited dynastic claims by using the widow and daughter of Constantius II to act as showpieces for his regime.

The first book sketches briefly the history of the early Roman emperors from Augustus to Diocletian ( 305 ); the second, third and fourth deal more fully with the period from the accession of Constantius Chlorus and Galerius to the death of Theodosius I ; the fifth and sixth, the most useful for historians, cover the period between 395 and 410, when Priscus Attalus was deposed ; for this period, he is the most important surviving non-ecclesiastical source.

According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Paulus was condemned to death by the Frank Arbitio at the Chalcedon tribunal under Constantius ' successor, Julian the Apostate, in late 361, or early 362.

Built on the basic structures of the early Christian basilica put up by orders of Constantius III between the 4th and 5th century, it has a façade with traces of the transformation from Romanesque to Gothic.