Consumer surplus is the difference between the value of a good to a consumer and the price the consumer must pay in the market to purchase it.

Consumer surplus or consumers ' surplus is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay.

Consumer surplus is thus the definite integral of the demand function with respect to price, minus the definite integral of the constant function D ( P )= Q < sub > mkt </ sub > ( i. e. P < sub > mkt </ sub > Q < sub > mkt </ sub >), from the market price to the maximum reservation price ( i. e. the price-intercept of the demand function ):

Consumer X is left with no consumer surplus, while Consumer Y is left with area B.

* Consumer surplus

* Consumer surplus

* Consumer surplus for software products

Consumer surplus can be calculated differently for software products than for other products.

An Administrator is required in the Consumer Proposal, and a Trustee in the Division I Proposal ( these are virtually the same although the terms are not interchangeable ).

While there are self-contained departments for the creation of arcade, pachinko and pachislo, online, and mobile games, the Consumer Games R & D Division instead is an amalgamation of subsections in charge of various game development stages.

Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network ( ICPEN ), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations.

In Australia, Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online, and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong.

FAO is composed of eight departments: Administration and Finance, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Economic and Social Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Forestry, Knowledge and Communication, Natural Resource Management and Technical Cooperation.

The Irish health system, being administered centrally by the Health Service Executive, is seen to be poor by comparison to other countries in Europe, ranking outside expected levels at 25th according to the Euro Health Consumer Index 2006.

The H. J. Heinz Company (), commonly known as Heinz and famous for its " 57 Varieties " slogan and its ketchup, is a U. S Consumer packaged goods company with world headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The Infocom trademark is currently held by Pete Hottelet's Omni Consumer Products, who registered the name around the same time as Klaeffling in 2007.

Consumer perception of foods treated with irradiation is more negative than those processed by other means.

Consumer advocacy groups such as Public Citizen or Food and Water Watch maintain that the safety of irradiated food is not proven, in particular long-term studies are still lacking, and strongly oppose the use of the technology.

Another innovation, the August Third People's Consumer Goods Production Movement, is centred on consumer goods production.

Philips is organized into three main divisions: Philips Consumer Lifestyle ( formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care ), Philips Healthcare ( formerly Philips Medical Systems ) and Philips Lighting.

Consumer confidence is one measure used to evaluate economic sentiment.

After exhibiting at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 1999, Mike Ramsay announced to the company that the first version of the TiVo digital video recorder would ship " In Q1 ," ( the last day of which is 31 March ) despite an estimated four to five months of work remaining to complete the device.

* January – The world's first personal all-in-one computer ( keyboard / screen / tape storage ), the Commodore PET, is demonstrated at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago

A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index ( normally the Consumer Price Index ) over time.

Family and Consumer Sciences Education is viewed as the focus of individuals and families living in society throughout the life span.

The AAFCS ( American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences ) represents teachers, educators, cooperatives, business, designers and nutritionists. The American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences ( AAFCS ) is the only national forum where K-12 teachers, university educators, and corporate executives collaborate to improve the quality of individual and family life.

The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 has clarified this area of concern by making changes to the U. S. Bankruptcy Code that include, along with many other reforms, language imposing a means test for Chapter 7 cases.

Many systems were sold in the New Orleans area in the ensuing years before the first public demonstration of this integration occurred in 1982 at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago, Illinois.

Consumer copyright infringement cases in this area, to date, have only focused on issues related to consumer rights and the applicability of the law to the sharing of ripped files, not to the act of ripping, per se.

The National Consumer Agency ( NCA ) has campaigned in this area, and in September 2008 it launched a website explaining consumer rights.

It was founded by William Allen, who allowed the use of his laboratory at No. 2 Plough Court for the Society's scientific experiments ; Alex Hearn, founder of Kind Consumer and Oxford Entrepreneurs, and the other two principal founders were Richard Phillips and William Haseldine Pepys, both Quakers from the Lombard Street area.

Consumer goods companies usually try to set up their shops and show rooms in active shopping area to attract customer attention and their main focus is to do lots of advertising and promotion so that to attract more customer.

SMH offers care in 40 different specialties and is ranked as one of " America's Best Hospitals " by U. S. News & World Report, and has won the Consumer Choice Award for the best hospital in the area for 12 consecutive years.

The Consumer Credit Act provided guidelines for the court in determining whether a credit bargain is extortionate and extends the courts jurisdiction in this area to cover all credit agreements.

Kaplan is an enthusiast of high-end audio and video equipment, and has reported from the Consumer Electronics Show on new technologies in this area, as well as penning shopping-advice columns on what sorts of new TVs offer the best value.

An annual dividend of $ 150 – 320 is paid to each customer in the Auckland Energy Consumer Trust area.

Official indices report a Consumer Price Index increase of 30 % in Beijing between 1987 – 88, leading to panic among salaried workers that they could no longer afford staple goods.

Consumer protection laws seek to regulate certain aspects of the commercial relationship between consumers and business, such as by requiring minimum standards of product quality, requiring the disclosure of certain details about a product or service ( e. g., with regard to cost, or implied warranty ), prohibiting misleading advertising, or prescribing financial compensation for product liability.

Consumer DIMM vendors have recently begun to distinguish between single and dual ranked DIMMs.

Consumer prices doubled between May and August, alone, and though sharp, mandatory wage hikes had been negotiated between the government, labor and employers, the resulting shock ( known as the Rodrigazo ) ignited protest across Argentina, including a two-day general strike by the CGT ( the first ever against a Peronist administration ).

In practice, the difference between the deflator and a price index like the Consumer price index ( CPI ) is often relatively small.

The Wholesale Price Index focuses on the price of goods traded between corporations, rather than goods bought by consumers, which is measured by the Consumer Price Index.

Consumer choice theory is a way of analyzing how consumers may achieve equilibrium between preferences and expenditures by maximizing utility as subject to consumer budget constraints.

: Consumer choice theory is based on the assumption that the consumer fully understands his or her own preferences, allowing for a simple but accurate comparison between any two bundles of good presented.

Consumer theory can also be used to analyze a consumer's choice between leisure and labor.

The Department of Prices and Consumer Protection was a short-lived United Kingdom government department created by the incoming Labour government in 1974 when the functions of the Department of Trade and Industry were divided between three new departments ( the Department of Trade, the Department of Industry and the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection ).

In the European Parliament, she was a leading member of the Environment Committee and between 1999 and 2004 was Chairman of the Committee on the Environment, Consumer Protection and Public Health.

The Consumer Federation of America Foundation disputes these statistics, saying that a Department of Justice study found that guns were used defensively 62, 000 times between 1987 and 1992.

* Canada: Following a meeting in Toronto on December 22, 2003 between Bill Hastings, the Chief Censor of New Zealand, and officials from the Ontario Ministry of Consumer and Business Services, Manhunt became the first computer game in Ontario to be classified as a film and was restricted to adults on February 3, 2004.

The FTC has authority to issue formal opinions regarding debt collectors ' conduct under the FDCPA, but the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act transfers authority for rule making to the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) effective between January 21, 2011 and July 21, 2011.

John Dalli ( born 5 October 1948 ) is the European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy and a former Maltese politician who served as Cabinet Minister in various Maltese governments between 1987 and 2010.

Consumer clinics were conducted between 1979 and 1982 using a fiberglass mockup ( and later with actual cars ) to evaluate various issues that concerned AMC officials.

Consumer Health Informatics ( CHI ) helps bridge the gap between patients and health resources.

However, Pak ' n Save loses to its rivals when it comes to overall cheapest prices and private brand labels-a 2008 Consumer magazine survey placed Pak ' n Save fourth with 15 items costing $ 40. 11: losing out to Countdown, Woolworths and Foodtown by between $ 1. 54 and $ 2. 78.

These monopolies have been a major source of contention between newsagents and the Australian Consumer Affairs.

He was a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha between 1985 and 1995 and was the Minister for Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution for a year in 1994 during the tenure of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao.