Consumer surplus is the difference between the value of a good to a consumer and the price the consumer must pay in the market to purchase it.

Consumer surplus is thus the definite integral of the demand function with respect to price, minus the definite integral of the constant function D ( P )= Q < sub > mkt </ sub > ( i. e. P < sub > mkt </ sub > Q < sub > mkt </ sub >), from the market price to the maximum reservation price ( i. e. the price-intercept of the demand function ):

Consumer surplus is the area between the price line and the demand curve.

Consumer X is left with no consumer surplus, while Consumer Y is left with area B.

* Consumer surplus

* Consumer surplus

* Consumer surplus for software products

Consumer surplus can be calculated differently for software products than for other products.

Consumer associations can file claims on behalf of groups of consumers to obtain judicial orders against corporations that cause injury or damage to consumers.

Consumer groups argue that statutes of repose on consumer goods provide a disincentive for manufacturers to build durable products and to notify consumers of product defects as the manufacturers become aware of them.

As offerings have evolved to include multiple services and data operators have increasingly given consumers the opportunity to rent additional devices like access modems, internet gateways and video extenders that enable them to access multiple services, and distribute them to a range of Consumer Electronics devices around the home.

One magazine devoted to providing consumers with accurate reviews of products is Consumer Reports, not to be confused with Consumers Digest.

The U. S. Consumer Confidence Index ( CCI ) is an indicator designed to measure consumer confidence, which is defined as the degree of optimism on the state of the economy that consumers are expressing through their activities of savings and spending.

The Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index is the most widely accepted index among the United States media, businesspeople, and many consumers.

Consumer protection laws seek to regulate certain aspects of the commercial relationship between consumers and business, such as by requiring minimum standards of product quality, requiring the disclosure of certain details about a product or service ( e. g., with regard to cost, or implied warranty ), prohibiting misleading advertising, or prescribing financial compensation for product liability.

According to Consumer Reports, " The law has left consumers without the protections surrounding the manufacture and marketing of over-the-counter or prescription medications " and it became the FDA's responsibility to prove that a supplement is not safe.

Consumer Y's demand is exactly twice consumer X's demand, and each of these consumers is represented by a separate demand curve, and their combined demand ( Dmarket ).

The Bureau of Consumer Protection ’ s mandate is to protect consumers against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce.

In December 2006 he did not sign the Consumer Information Law ( which intended to make information collected by public food safety agencies available to consumers ), because the constitution does not allow the federal government to instruct municipal authorities.

She supports tax cuts and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, which restricts bankruptcy filings by consumers.

Consumer marketing research is a form of applied sociology that concentrates on understanding the preferences, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers in a market-based economy, and it aims to understand the effects and comparative success of marketing campaigns.

A Consumer Price Index compares how much it would cost now to do exactly what consumers did in the reference-period with what it cost then.

The Wholesale Price Index focuses on the price of goods traded between corporations, rather than goods bought by consumers, which is measured by the Consumer Price Index.

Consumer choice theory is a way of analyzing how consumers may achieve equilibrium between preferences and expenditures by maximizing utility as subject to consumer budget constraints.

The FSA is also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel.

* Consumer Network-community forum with specific relevance to patients or health care consumers

General secretary Jan Bertoft of Sveriges Konsumenter ( The Consumer Coalition of Sweden ) has stated that " there is danger of misleading the consumers since there is no way to tell this reconstituted meat from real meat "

Consumer advocacy groups argue that this discrimination against consumers — the charging of higher prices on the same object simply because of where they happen to live — is unjust and anti-competitive.

** Consumer response for this type of qualitaitve research could be product usage, personal opinion, events and activities consumers participate in.

* Consumer tracking from the retailer perspective ( for example, loyalty card programs that track consumers purchases at the point of sale by having them scan a QR code ).

An Administrator is required in the Consumer Proposal, and a Trustee in the Division I Proposal ( these are virtually the same although the terms are not interchangeable ).

While there are self-contained departments for the creation of arcade, pachinko and pachislo, online, and mobile games, the Consumer Games R & D Division instead is an amalgamation of subsections in charge of various game development stages.

Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network ( ICPEN ), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations.

In Australia, Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online, and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong.

FAO is composed of eight departments: Administration and Finance, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Economic and Social Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Forestry, Knowledge and Communication, Natural Resource Management and Technical Cooperation.

The Irish health system, being administered centrally by the Health Service Executive, is seen to be poor by comparison to other countries in Europe, ranking outside expected levels at 25th according to the Euro Health Consumer Index 2006.

The H. J. Heinz Company (), commonly known as Heinz and famous for its " 57 Varieties " slogan and its ketchup, is a U. S Consumer packaged goods company with world headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The Infocom trademark is currently held by Pete Hottelet's Omni Consumer Products, who registered the name around the same time as Klaeffling in 2007.

Consumer perception of foods treated with irradiation is more negative than those processed by other means.

Consumer advocacy groups such as Public Citizen or Food and Water Watch maintain that the safety of irradiated food is not proven, in particular long-term studies are still lacking, and strongly oppose the use of the technology.

Another innovation, the August Third People's Consumer Goods Production Movement, is centred on consumer goods production.

Philips is organized into three main divisions: Philips Consumer Lifestyle ( formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care ), Philips Healthcare ( formerly Philips Medical Systems ) and Philips Lighting.

Consumer confidence is one measure used to evaluate economic sentiment.

After exhibiting at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 1999, Mike Ramsay announced to the company that the first version of the TiVo digital video recorder would ship " In Q1 ," ( the last day of which is 31 March ) despite an estimated four to five months of work remaining to complete the device.

* January – The world's first personal all-in-one computer ( keyboard / screen / tape storage ), the Commodore PET, is demonstrated at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago

A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index ( normally the Consumer Price Index ) over time.

Family and Consumer Sciences Education is viewed as the focus of individuals and families living in society throughout the life span.

The AAFCS ( American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences ) represents teachers, educators, cooperatives, business, designers and nutritionists. The American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences ( AAFCS ) is the only national forum where K-12 teachers, university educators, and corporate executives collaborate to improve the quality of individual and family life.