Convection cells in a gravity field

Convection cells can form in any fluid, including the Earth's atmosphere ( where they are called Hadley cells ), boiling water, soup ( where the cells can be identified by particles they transport, such as grains of rice ), the ocean, or the surface of the sun.

Convection cells on the Sun, with North America superimposed

Convection vaporizers are either forced-air types which actively blow air through the heating element and herbs, or passive types, where the user inhales the air without the help of a fan or pump.

Heaters exists for all states of matter, including solids, liquids and gases and there are 3 types of heat transfer: Convection, Conduction and Radiation.

Convection in terrestrial processes is a strong perturbing factor, the effects of which are seldom predictable with great accuracy and which dominate heat and mass transfer in fluids.

Convection in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature.

Convection steadily increased, and, upon the development of a low-level circulation center, the system organized into Tropical Depression Two on August 3 while 415 miles ( 670 km ) east of Barbados.

Convection increased and became better organized as a weak tropical wave reached the area, and it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Twenty at around 1200 UTC on December 4 while located about 345 miles ( 560 km ) south of Kingston, Jamaica ; initially, the depression was forecast to track north-northeastward and pass over western Haiti.

Convection moves heated liquid upwards in the system as it is simultaneously replaced by cooler liquid returning by gravity.

Convection of the air inside the mattress reduces the amount of insulation it provides and more complicated mattresses include methods to reduce this by either partitioning the internal cavities, or by filling the cavities with material to trap the air such as down feathers or synthetic insulation.

Convection within the disturbance became more concentrated and organized on May 19 while the wave was located a short distance south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec.

Convection is inhibited at the puncture points ; the energy flux from the Sun's interior decreases ; and with it surface temperature.

Convection is the concerted, collective movement of ensembles of molecules within fluids ( e. g., liquids, gases ) and rheids.

Convection is also used in engineering practices to provide desired temperature changes, as in heating of homes, industrial processes, cooling of equipment, etc.

Convection causes the temperature and hence the refractive index of the air to vary, and so a blurred shimmering effect is produced which affects the ability to resolve objects, the effect being increased when the image is magnified through a telescope or telephoto lens.

Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases.

Convection occurs when the Rayleigh number is above 1, 000 – 2, 000.

Convection is the dominant mode of energy transport when the temperature gradient is steep enough so that a given parcel of gas within the star will continue to rise if it rises slightly via an adiabatic process.

Convection occurs when there is a large difference in temperature between the inner and outer part of the core, but since Venus has no plate tectonics to let off heat, it is possible that it has no inner core, or that its core is not currently cooling.

Convection allows for the movement of the heated liquid out of the solar collector to be replaced by colder liquid which is in turn heated.

Convection created by tides and sea currents enhance this change.

Convection occurs on too small a scale to be resolved by climate models, and hence must be parameterized.

* Large-Scale Dynamics of the Convection Zone and Tachocline by Mark S. Miesch

USML-2 Experiments included: the Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment ( STDCE ), the Drop Physics Module, the Drop Dynamics Experiment ; the Science and Technology of Surface-Controlled Phenomena experiment ; the Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell Experiment ; the Crystal Growth Furnace, the Orbital Processing of High Quality Cadmium Zinc Telluride Compound Semiconductors experiment ; the Study of Dopant Segregation Behavior During the Crystal Growth of Gallium Arsenide ( GaAs ) in Microgravity experiment ; the Crystal Growth of Selected II-VI Semiconducting Alloys by Directional Solidification experiment ; the Vapor Transport Crystal Growth of Mercury Cadmium Tellurida in Microgravity experiment ; the Zeolite Crystal Growth Furnace ( ZCG ), the Interface Configuration Experiment ( ICE ), the Oscillatory Thermocapillary Flow Experiment ; the Fiber Supported Droplet Combustion Experiment ; the Particle Dispersion Experiment ; the Single-Locker Protein Crystal Growth experiment ; ( including the Protein Crystallization Apparatus for Microgravity ( PCAM ) and the Diffusion-controlled Crystallization Apparatus for Microgravity ( DCAM )); the Crystal Growth by Liquid-Liquid Diffusion, the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth experiment ; the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility, Crystallization of Apocrystacyanin C experiment ; Crystal Structure Analysis of the Bacteriophage Lambda Lysozyme, Crystallization of RNA Molecules Under Microgravity Conditions experiment ; Crystallization of the Protein Grb2 and Triclinic Lysozyme experiment ; Microgravity Crystallization of Thermophilic Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase and Thaumatin experiment ; Crystallization in a Microgravity Environment of CcdB experiment ; A Multivariate Analysis of X-ray Diffraction Data Obtained from Glutathione S Transferase experiment ; Protein Crystal Growth: Light-driven Charge Translocation Through Bacteriorhodopsin experiment ; Crystallization of Ribosome experiment ; Crystallization of Sulfolobus Solfataricus Alcohol Dehydrogenase experiment ; Crystallization of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus, Tomato Aspermy Virus, Satellite Panicum Mosaic Virus, Canavalin, Beef Liver Catalase, Concanavalin B experiment ; Crystallization of the Epidermal Growth Factor ( EGF ); Structure of the Membrane-Embedded Protein Complex Photosystem I ; Crystallization of Visual Pigment Rhodopsin ; Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus ; Astroculture Facility and Experiment.

Convection occurs on a large scale in atmospheres, oceans, planetary mantles, and it provides the mechanism of heat transfer for a large fraction of the outermost interiors of our sun and all stars.

The Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment ( STDCE ) was the first space experiment to use state-of-the-art instruments to obtain quantitative data on surface tension-driven flows on the surface of liquids over a wide range of variables in a microgravity environment.

Convection remained minimal, though outflow retained excellent organization, and Isabel remained a Category 2 hurricane for two days until making landfall between Cape Lookout and Ocracoke Island on September 18 with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ).

Convection remained sporadic and disorganized, with a reconnaissance flight finding a board circulation and a few squall on September 6.

Convection remained disorganized and the low-level circulation was exposed on September 19.

* Sir William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ), " On Electric Machines Founded on Induction and Convection ".

Convection gradually waned as the hurricane moved over progressively colder waters, and on September 6 Henriette weakened to a tropical depression.

Convection waned for the next 30 hours and Olive degenerated into a disturbance on August 25.

Convection and thunderstorms regenerated on August 30.

Convection occurs because of opacity of the interior, which has a high density compared to the temperature.

* Animated explanation of the temperature and density of the Convection zone ( University of Glamorgan ).

* The Convection – diffusion equation in fluid dynamics

Convection introduces effects of momentum which appear as non-linearity in the dynamical equations.

Convection increased across the area due to moisture from the eastern Pacific Ocean and moderate divergence.

Experiments conducted were: Crystal Growth Furnace ( CGF ); Drop Physics Module ( DPM ); Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiments ( STDCE ); Zeolite Crystal Growth ( ZCG ); Protein Crystal Growth ( PCG ); Glovebox Facility ( GBX ); Space Acceleration Measurement System ( SAMS ); Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus ( GBA ); Astroculture-1 ( ASC ); Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project ( EDOMP ); Solid Surface Combustion Experiment ( SSCE ).

* Introduced several new microgravity experiment facilities for multiple users and multiple flights ( including the Crystal Growth Furnace, Drop Physics Module, and the Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment ).

* Animated explanation of the Convection zone ( University of Glamorgan ).