The Tokyo Convention states in Article 11, defining the so-called unlawful takeover of an aircraft, that the parties signing the agreement are obliged, in case of hijacking or a threat of it, to take all the necessary measures in order to regain or keep control over an aircraft.

Indeed, the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Article 6 requires these features in the legal systems of its signatory states.

The Convention states that illegal hazardous waste traffic is criminal but contains no enforcement provisions.

In his transmittal, he states: " I am transmitting herewith, for the advice and consent of the Senate to ratification, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological ( Biological ) and Toxin Weapons, and on their Destruction, opened for signature at Washington, London and Moscow on April 10, 1972.

As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states but Russia, which has entered a moratorium, having ratified the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the sole exception of Belarus, which is not a member of the Council of Europe.

Governments of states not recognized by the receiving state and of territories that make no claim to be sovereign states may set up offices abroad that do not have official diplomatic status as defined by the Vienna Convention.

The initial Stockholm Convention was superseded by the Vaduz Convention, which provides for the liberalisation of trade among the member states.

This development prompted the EFTA states to modernise their Convention to ensure that it will continue to provide a successful framework for the expansion and liberalization of trade among themselves and with the rest of the world.

All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity.

Second, the Convention was a response to the growth of Communism in Eastern Europe and designed to protect the member states of the Council of Europe from communist subversion.

The Convention was designed to incorporate a traditional civil liberties approach to securing " effective political democracy ", from the strongest traditions in the United Kingdom, France and other member states of the fledgling Council of Europe.

Signatory states to the Convention can only derogate from the rights contained in Article 2 for deaths which result from lawful acts of war.

Since then the Court has appeared to be more open to finding states guilty of torture and has even ruled that since the Convention is a " living instrument ", treatment which it had previously characterised as inhuman or degrading treatment might in future be regarded as torture.

Article 15 allows contracting states to derogate from certain rights guaranteed by the Convention in time of " war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation ".

The Court is quite permissive in accepting a state's derogations from the Convention but applies a higher degree of scrutiny in deciding whether measures taken by states under a derogation are, in the words of Article 15, " strictly required by the exigencies of the situation ".

After the Convention, his support convinced many to vote for ratification ; the new Constitution was ratified by all thirteen states.

In the years that followed, other states subscribed to limitations of their conduct, and numerous other treaties and bodies were created to regulate the conduct of states towards one another in terms of these treaties, including, but not limited to, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1899 ; the Hague and Geneva Conventions, the first of which was passed in 1907 ; the International Court of Justice in 1921 ; the Genocide Convention ; and the International Criminal Court, in the late 1990s.

Under some conventions – e. g. the European Convention on Human Rights – individuals or states are permitted, subject to certain conditions, to take individual cases to the enforcement mechanisms ; under most, however ( e. g. the UN conventions ), individual access is contingent on the acceptance of that right by the relevant state party, either by a declaration at the time of ratification or accession, or through ratification of or accession to an optional protocol to the convention.

For example, the member states of the EEC signed the Brussels Convention in 1968 and, subject to amendments as new states joined, it represents the default law for all twenty-seven Member States of what is now termed the European Union on the relationships between the courts in the different countries.

In effect from 1 March, 2002, all the member states of the EU except Denmark accepted Council Regulation ( EC ) 44 / 2001, which makes major changes to the Brussels Convention and is directly effective in the member states.

* 1864 – 12 nations sign the First Geneva Convention.

* 1907 – Count Alexander Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson sign the St. Petersburg Convention, which results in the Triple Entente alliance.

* 1972 – Seventy-four nations sign the Biological Weapons Convention, the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning the production of biological weapons.

The United States did not sign the Berne Convention until 1989.

* 1911 – The United States, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia sign the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 banning open-water seal hunting, the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues.

The German military used the Soviet Union's refusal to sign the Geneva Convention as a reason for not providing the necessities of life to Russian POWs ; and the Soviets similarly killed Axis prisoners or used them as slave labor.

* August 31 – Count Alexander Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson sign the St. Petersburg Convention, which results in the establishment of the Triple Entente.

* March 23 – The Scandinavian States of the Nordic Council sign the Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation.

** In Lomé, Togo, the European Economic Community and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the first Lomé Convention.

* February 16 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Leon, and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.

Furthermore, since the Treaty of Lisbon took effect on 1 December 2009, the EU is expected to sign the Convention.

Following the Opium War, Russia forced China to sign the Treaty of Aigun ( 1858 ) and Convention of Peking ( 1860 ), under which China lost to Russia all claims to all territories north of Heilongjiang ( Amur ) and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin.

* 1974: The IUCN is involved in obtaining the agreement of its members to sign a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ), whose secretariat was originally lodged with the IUCN

He took no part in negotiating the Convention and did not sign it.

While China ultimately did not sign the Simla Convention, a similar treaty, the tripartite Treaty of Kyakhta, was signed by Mongolia, the Republic of China and Russia on 25 May 1915.

The organization is also advocating for the United States to sign the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ; 193 nations have signed this UN convention.

The Roerich Pact sign was superseded by the distinctive marking of cultural property as defined by the Hague Convention of 1954.

However, the emblem of the Roerich Pact is still a valid protective sign in the relations between states which are bound by the Washington Treaty of 1935 but not by the Convention of 1954.

What made the losses for the Austrians higher was that Austria had refused to sign the First Geneva Convention.

She pressured the Diet to sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( CEDAW ) in 1985.

Following the Opium War, Russia forced the Qing to sign the Treaty of Aigun and Convention of Peking, under which China lost all territories north of Heilongjiang ( Amur ) and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin, to Russia.

The Geneva Conventions established new protocols, namely, according to Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention of 1949, francs-tireurs are entitled to prisoner of war status provided that they are commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates, have a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance, carry arms openly, and conduct their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.

Deaf culture is recognized under article 30, paragraph 4 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which states that " Persons with disabilities shall be entitled, on an equal basis with others, to recognition and support of their specific cultural and linguistic identity, including sign languages and deaf culture.

U. S. Ambassador to Mexico, Thomas C. Mann ( left ) and the Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Manuel Tello Baurraud ( right ) sign the Chamizal Convention in Mexico City on 29 August 1963.