* Cosmological perturbation theory

Like the steady state theory, plasma cosmology includes a Strong Cosmological Principle which assumes that the universe is isotropic in time as well as in space.

In theoretical physics, when Einstein originally tried to produce a general theory of relativity, he found that the theory seemed to predict the gravitational collapse of the universe: it seemed that the universe should either be expanding or collapsing, and to produce a model in which the universe was static and stable ( which seemed to Einstein at the time to be the " proper " result ), he introduced an expansionist variable ( called the Cosmological Constant ), whose sole purpose was to cancel out the cumulative effects of gravitation.

Thomas Aquinas ( c. 1225 – 1274 ), wrote Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles which both present various versions of the Cosmological argument and Teleological argument, respectively.

Duhem is well known for his work on the history of science, which resulted in the ten volume Le système du monde: histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic ( The System of World: A History of Cosmological Doctrines from Plato to Copernicus ).

* Cosmological horizon, a limit of observability: the maximum distance from which particles can have travelled to an observer in the age of the universe

Joseph Campbell defined myths as having four basic functions: the Mystical Function — experiencing the awe of the universe ; the Cosmological Function — explaining the shape of the universe ; the Sociological Function — supporting and validating a certain social order ; and the Pedagogical Function — how to live a human lifetime under any circumstances.

Cosmological redshift is seen due to the expansion of the universe, and sufficiently distant light sources ( generally more than a few million light years away ) show redshift corresponding to the rate of increase of their distance from Earth.

* Cosmological critical density A cosmological term for the density of mass-energy in the universe

The Friedmann equations start with the simplifying assumption that the universe is spatially homogeneous and isotropic, i. e. the Cosmological Principle ; empirically, this is justified on scales larger than ~ 100 Mpc.

The Cosmological Principle implies that the metric of the universe must be of the form:

Cosmological holography has not been made mathematically precise, partly because the cosmological horizon has a finite area and grows with time.

Al-Kindi's argument has been taken up by some contemporary Western philosophers and dubbed the Kalam Cosmological Argument.

* An Introduction to Cosmological Inflation by Andrew Liddle, 1999

* A Cosmological Argument for a Self-Caused Universe by Quentin Smith

For the various sectarian gnostics, gnosis was obtained as speculative gnosis, instigated by the contemplation of their religio-philosophical ( Cosmological, Metaphysical, salvational and rational ) systems.

* Griaule, Marcel and Dieterlen, Germaine ( 1954 ) " The Dogon ", in African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples, edited by Daryll Forde

* Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure by Andrew R. Liddle, David H. Lyth ( 2000 ) ISBN 0-521-57598-2

2002: The Cosmological Imagination conference held in Berkeley, Califotrnia, to honor Thomas Berry organized by the Philosophy, Cosmology and Consciousness Department of the California Institute of Integral Studies.

Cosmological data can provide an indirect but rather model-dependent bound to the mass of sterile neutrinos, such as the m < sub > s </ sub > < () at 95 % ( 99. 9 %) confidence limit given by Dodelson et al ..

* Tegmark, Max, " Cosmological parameters from SDSS and WMAP ".

Tipler was an atheist when he wrote The Anthropic Cosmological Principle ( 1986, co-authored with John D. Barrow, whose many popular books seldom mention theology ) and The Physics of Immortality ( 1994 ), but a Christian when he wrote The Physics of Christianity ( 2007 ).

* Carroll, Sean M., " The Cosmological Constant " ( short ), " The Cosmological Constant "( extended ).

This allowed him to rewrite perturbation theory precisely in the form of diagrams.

This method can be derived from the field picture through perturbation theory.

This theory, completed in the 1940s, is known as quantum electrodynamics ( or " QED "), and, in situations where perturbation theory is applicable, is one of the most accurate theories known to physics.

With the possible exception of gravitation, these interactions can usually be described in a set of calculational approximation methods known as perturbation theory, as being mediated by the exchange of gauge bosons between particles.

However, there are situations where perturbation theory does not adequately describe the observed phenomena, such as bound states and solitons.

The interaction of any pair of fermions in perturbation theory can then be modeled thus:

The number of times the interaction Hamiltonian acts is the order of the perturbation expansion, and the time-dependent perturbation theory for fields is known as the Dyson series.

When the intermediate states at intermediate times are energy eigenstates ( collections of particles with a definite momentum ) the series is called old-fashioned perturbation theory.

Historically they were sometimes called Feynman-Dyson diagrams or Dyson graphs, because when they were introduced the path integral was unfamiliar, and Freeman Dyson's derivation from old-fashioned perturbation theory was easier to follow for physicists trained in earlier methods.

Although the statement of the theory in terms of graphs may imply perturbation theory, use of graphical methods in the many-body problem shows that this formalism is flexible enough to deal with phenomena of nonperturbative characters ...

In the canonical quantum field theory the S-matrix is represented within the interaction picture by the perturbation series in the powers of the interaction Lagrangian,

* elementary perturbation theory

This has been demonstrated in the famous Lamb-Retherford experiment and was the starting point for the development of the theory of Quantum electrodynamics ( which is able to deal with these vacuum fluctuations and employs the famous Feynman diagrams for approximations using perturbation theory ).

The theorem partly resolves the small-divisor problem that arises in the perturbation theory of classical mechanics.

As the perturbation increases and the smooth curves disintegrate we move from KAM theory to

The Dirac picture is the one used in perturbation theory, and is specially associated to quantum field theory and many-body physics.

In the important method known as perturbation theory, one uses the analytic result for a simple quantum mechanical model to generate a result for a more complicated model that is related to the simpler model by ( for one example ) the addition of a weak potential energy.

The discovery of asymptotic freedom in the strong interactions by David Gross, David Politzer and Frank Wilczek allowed physicists to make precise predictions of the results of many high energy experiments using the quantum field theory technique of perturbation theory.