Cosmologists study these simulations to see if they agree with the galaxy surveys, and to understand any discrepancy.

Cosmologists also study:

Cosmologists use the MXXL simulation to study the distribution of galaxies and dark matter halos on very large scales and how the rarest and most massive structures in the universe came about.

Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the Universe appears to be accelerating.

Cosmologists therefore invoke a yet unexplored form of energy called dark energy ( dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe ) which account for certain cosmological observations mostly related to " accelerating expansion of Universe ".

Cosmologists normally work with a given space-like slice of spacetime called the comoving coordinates, the existence of a preferred set of which is possible and widely accepted in present-day physical cosmology.

Cosmologists and theoretical physicists have regarded such observations as key in the search for explorations of physics in the energy realms which would require new theories of quantum gravity and other theories which predict events at the Planck scale.

* January – September – Cosmologists from the Supernova Cosmology Project led by Saul Perlmutter and the High-z Supernova Search Team led by Adam Riess and Brian Schmidt publish evidence that the expansion rate of the universe is increasing.

Cosmologists doubt they make up a majority of dark matter because the black holes are at isolated points of the galaxy.

Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly after of photons starting to travel freely through space rather than constantly scattering with electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling.

Cosmologists agree that in accordance with observations of distant galaxies, a universe must be non-static if it follows the cosmological principle.

Cosmologists are still unable to explain all cosmological phenomena exactly on the basis of known conventional forms of energy, such as those related to the accelerating expansion of the universe.

Cosmologists such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Max Tegmark suggests that if space is sufficiently large and uniform, or infinite as some theories suggest, then identical instances of the history of Earth's entire Hubble volume occur every so often, simply by chance.

Cosmologists and particle physicists are trying to find additional violations of the CP-symmetry in the early universe that might account for the baryon asymmetry.

Cosmologists can observationally deduce that the universe is not split into regions of matter and antimatter.

* Origins: the Lives and Worlds of Modern Cosmologists / Alan Lightman and Roberta Brawer.

Cosmologists often simplify this equation by defining a critical density,.

God and the Cosmologists.

* Sensitivity analysis – the study of how the variation in the output of a model depends on variations in the inputs

The study of these lines led to the Bohr atom model and to the birth of quantum mechanics.

Arabidopsis thaliana is a very important model organism in the study of the flowering plants ( Angiospermae ).

Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various taxa.

These include models to study the electronic properties of solids, such as the Drude model, the Band structure and the density functional theory.

A 2004 case study concluded that the proper use of screenshots can significantly support a user ’ s “ developing a mental model of the program ” and help in “ identifying and locating window elements and objects .” This research concluded that screen shots allowed users to “ learn more, make fewer mistakes, and learn in a shorter time frame ,” which can certainly assist in increasing the time frame for full implementation of a CRM system with limited technical or human support.

The study therefore concluded that the economic model of opportunity cost better explained the findings.

Note that unlike Hypatia he did not study ' mathematics, philosophy and astronomy ', thus he and his followers came into conflict with the ancient University of Alexandria which pursued all forms of knowledge including science and human anatomy, politics and history according to the model inaugurated by Alexander the Great, the founder of Alexandria.

The Capability Maturity Model ( CMM ) ( a registered service mark of Carnegie Mellon University, CMU ) is a development model created after study of data collected from organizations that contracted with the U. S. Department of Defense, who funded the research.

The result of the Air Force study was a model for the military to use as an objective evaluation of software subcontractors ' process capability maturity.

Early twentieth-century study of living oral epic traditions in the Balkans by Milman Parry and Albert Lord demonstrated the paratactic model used for composing these poems.

In contrast to other species, E. invadens forms cysts in vitro in the absence of bacteria and is used as a model system to study this aspect of the life cycle.

In 1517, he supported the foundation at the University, by his friend Jeroen Van Busleyden, of the Collegium Trilingue for the study of Hebrew, Latin, and Greek — after the model of the College of the Three Languages at the University of Alcalá.

In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology ( 1952 ), Hayek independently developed a " Hebbian learning " model of learning and memoryan idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics.

In 2007 he collaborated on a study that found tropospheric temperature trends of " Climate of the 20th Century " models differed from satellite observations by twice the model mean uncertainty.

The study of ferromagnetic phase transitions, especially via the simplified Ising spin model, had an important impact on the development of statistical physics.

In biological research, transgenic fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) are model organisms used to study the effects of genetic changes on development.

Cnidarians such as Hydra and the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis have become attractive model organisms to study the evolution of immunity and certain developmental processes.

In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects from a certain collection.

In one study, citizens willing to impose the death penalty were presented in 2 experiments with 4 sets of instructions ( i. e., baseline instructions, instructions used at trial, instructions revised according to Eighth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution holdings, and model instructions written in nontechnical language ).

To study synapses in the peripheral nervous system, Eccles and colleagues used the stretch reflex as a model.

More recently, these tables have been used to represent the outcomes of logic operations, such as truth tables, which were used to study and model Boolean logic, for example.

A field of study called memetics arose in the 1990s to explore the concepts and transmission of memes in terms of an evolutionary model.

:* Lotus japonicus a model legume used to study the symbiosis responsible for nitrogen fixation.