Credit ratings are used by investors, issuers, investment banks, broker-dealers, and governments.

For example, under the Basel II agreement of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, banking regulators can allow banks to use credit ratings from certain approved CRAs ( called " ECAIs ", or " External Credit Assessment Institutions ") when calculating their net capital reserve requirements.

* Credit Rating Agencies have made errors of judgment in rating structured products, particularly in assigning AAA ratings to structured debt, which in a large number of cases has subsequently been downgraded or defaulted.

As part of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Congress ordered the U. S. SEC to develop a report, titled " Report on the Role and Function of Credit Rating Agencies in the Operation of the Securities Markets " detailing how credit ratings are used in U. S. regulation and the policy issues this use raises.

Credit spread rates and credit ratings of the underlying or reference obligations are considered among money managers to be the best indicators of the likelihood of sellers of CDSs having to perform under these contracts.

* Credit rating agency ( US ), a company that assigns credit ratings for issuers of certain types of debt obligations as well as the debt instruments themselves

Credit rating agencies such as Fitch Ratings have been subject to criticism in the wake of large losses in the collateralized debt obligation ( CDO ) market that occurred despite being assigned top ratings by the CRAs.

Credit ratings vary from a scoring model to another, but in general the FICO scoring system is the standard in U. S., Canada and other global areas.

Credit is often prohibited on liquor sales as well.

Credit for the invention of the first achromatic doublet is often given to an English barrister and amateur optician named Chester Moore Hall.

Credit unions offer many of the same financial services as banks, often using a different terminology ; common services include: share accounts ( savings accounts ), share draft accounts ( checking accounts ), credit cards, share term certificates ( certificates of deposit ), and online banking.

Credit Unions often form cooperatives among themselves to provide services to members.

Credit unions with a specific focus on serving low-and moderate income people and communities, most of which are typically low-income designated by the National Credit Union Administration ( NCUA ), often join the New York, New York-based National Federation of Community Development Credit Unions ( Federation ), a national trade association providing investments, technical assistance, education and training and advocacy for community development credit unions ( CDCUs ) nationwide.

However, the efforts of national planners and experts to develop financial services for most people have often failed in developing countries, for reasons summarized well by Adams, Graham & Von Pischke in their classic analysis ' Undermining Rural Development with Cheap Credit '.

Credit for its quality and popularity was often assigned to Kinsley, whose wit and critical sensibility were seen as enlivening a magazine that had for many years been more conventional in its politics, and Hertzberg, a writer for The New Yorker and speechwriter for Jimmy Carter.

Credit default swaps are often used to manage the risk of default that arises from holding debt.

The houses are most often made of brick, though some also incorporate Credit Valley Sandstone.

Nevertheless, in the 1940s, Social Credit supporters in Quebec often ran under the name Union des électeurs, a social credit organization which had been formed in 1939 by Louis Even and Gilberte Côté-Mercier as the political arm of their religious organization, the Pilgrims of Saint Michael, and which had an on again, off again, relationship with the western-based national party as well as an inconsistent attitude towards electoral politics.

Credit scores are often used in determining prices for auto and homeowner's insurance.

Social Credit ( often called Socred ) was a populist political movement strongest in Alberta and neighboring British Columbia, 1930s-1970s.

Credit is often utilized at low rates or after long time lags.

Lee D. Ross is the Stanford Federal Credit Union Professor of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University, and an influential social psychologist who has studied attribution theory, attributional biases, decision making and conflict resolution, often with longtime collaborator Mark Lepper.

Funding sources have varied since the pilot Global Food for Education program was deployed in fiscal year 2001, often combining both appropriated funds and funding from the Commodity Credit Corporation ’ s borrowing authority.

Social Credit ( often called Socred ) was a populist political movement strongest in Alberta and neighboring British Columbia, 1930s-1970s.

In the United States, the legal term for a credit bureau under the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act ( FCRA ) is consumer reporting agency — often abbreviated in the industry as CRA.

Later a legal representative of the developer ’ s New Market Tax Credit funding source came to town simply to determine that the city was receptive to the development.

The Farm Credit Act of 1933 was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, to help farmers refinance mortgages over a longer time at below-market interest rates at regional and national banks.

* Credit card cut up: Participants stand in a shopping mall, shopping center, or store with a pair of scissors and a poster that advertises help for people who want to put an end to mounting debt and extortionate interest rates with one simple cut.

Through this “ loophole ” Credit Suisse was able to own a controlling interest in First Boston, a leading securities firm.

Social Credit philosophy is best summed by Douglas when he said, " Systems were made for men, and not men for systems, and the interest of man which is self-development, is above all systems, whether theological, political or economic.

In his novel The Trick Top Hat, part of his Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy, Robert Anton Wilson described the implementation by the President of an alternate future United States of an altered form of Social Credit, in which the government issues a National Dividend to all citizens in the form of " trade aids ," which can be spent like money but which cannot be lent at interest ( in order to mollify the banking industry ) and which eventually expire ( to prevent inflation and hoarding ).

Credit card companies in some countries have been accused by consumer organizations of lending at usurious interest rates and making money out of frivolous " extra charges ".

According to the World Council of Credit Unions ( WOCCU ), a credit union's revenues ( from loans and investments ) need to exceed its operating expenses and dividends ( interest paid on deposits ) in order to maintain capital and solvency and " credit unions use excess earnings to offer members more affordable loans, a higher return on savings, lower fees or new products and services ".

Blackwell was found in April 2006, to own 83 shares of Diebold stock, down from 178 shares purchased in January 2005, which he attributed to an unidentified financial manager at Credit Suisse First Boston who had violated his instructions to avoid potential conflict of interest, without his knowledge.

Credit cards can carry a much larger interest rate than even an unsecured loan from a bank.

Credit interest has been replaced by a £ 5 net payment every month.

Electronic cash is the debit card system of the German Central Credit Committee, the association which represents the top German financial interest groups.

In May 1930, Orage returned to England and became seriously involved with political issues and was paramount in re-sparking interest in the Social Credit Movement.

* Credit card interest

The British Columbia Social Credit Party formed the government for many years in neighbouring British Columbia, although this was effectively a coalition of centre-right forces in the province that had no interest in social credit monetary policies.

The party ran on a platform of: monetary reform, including the abolition of interest rates and the income tax, the use of the local employment trading system of banking, and introducing a form of Social Credit with monthly dividends being paid out to each Canadian.

But Canada Social Credit didn't agree and threw me out and changed their policy from prohibition of interest rates to 6 %.

So I founded the Christian Credit thinking that credit could only be Christian and friendly if there was no interest.

* Tucker, Donald, " Credit rationing, interest rate lags, and monetary policy speed ," Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1968, 54-84.

* Mortgage Credit Certificate, a program to provide tax credits for mortgage interest to first-time homebuyers in the United States

As of 2009, Adams ' company still owed approximately C $ 350, 000 in unpaid interest to the Nunavut Business Credit Corporation, a Crown corporation.

In February 2008, AIB entered into an agreement to acquire a 49. 99 % interest in Bulgarian American Credit Bank AD, a specialist provider of secured finance to small and medium sized companies in Bulgaria.

Credit card companies can advertise monthly interest rates, but they are required to clearly state the annual percentage rate before an agreement is signed.

" However a study by the Pew Foundation two years after the bills passage found that: " Credit card holders are seeing stabilized interest rates, the elimination of overlimit penalty charges, a reduction in late fees charged by banks and minimal changes in annual fees since the Credit CARD Act of 2009 took effect.