Critical thinking can be traced in Western thought to the Socratic method of Ancient Greece and in the East, to the Buddhist kalama sutta and Abhidharma.

Several of its college textbooks, including The Norton Shakespeare, The Enjoyment of Music, A History of Western Music, and new and revised entries in the Norton Anthology and Norton Critical Edition series, have become best sellers in the academic fields.

Critical of a stagnant Islam, he preached among the ranks of the poor peasantry and fringe dwellers in urbane slums of the necessity for a modern Islam, one capable of defending itself from Western colonialism through jihad.

Critics believe Harner's work laid the foundations for massive exploitation of Indigenous cultures by " plastic shamans " and other cultural appropriators ( reference: " The Soul of Shamanism: Western Fantasies, Imaginal Realities ", " Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking ").

*“ A Critical Examination of Reason in the Western and Islamic Philosophies ,” Journal of Dialogue ( published in Tehran ) ( Spring 2001 ).

He is author of On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement ( 1987 ) and Antidiplomacy: Spies, Terror, Speed, and War ( 1992 ); editor of International Theory: Critical Investigations ( 1995 ) and The Virilio Reader ( 1998 ); co-editor with Michael Shapiro of International / Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics ( 1989 ); Global Voices: Dialogues In International Relations ( with others ) ( 1993 ); and, Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment Network ( 2001 ; 2nd edition, 2009 ).

Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of critical and democratic theory and successor of Praxis International.

The journals still tend to be directed to an academic audience, though the Annual Review of Critical Psychology runs as an open-access online journal.

FRCP ( EM ) ED Emergency Medicine Board specialists tend to congregate in academic centers and tend to have more academically oriented careers, which emphasize administration, research, critical care, disaster medicine, teaching and tend to go for subspecialty in toxicology, Critical Care, pediatrics, and sport medicine.

Critical philosophy of history is the " theory " aspect of the discipline of academic history, and deals with questions such as the nature of historical evidence, the degree to which objectivity is possible, etc.

Critical thinking is an important element of all professional fields and academic disciplines ( by referencing their respective sets of permissible questions, evidence sources, criteria, etc .).

Critical thinking is considered important in the academic fields because it enables one to analyze, evaluate, explain, and restructure their thinking, thereby decreasing the risk of adopting, acting on, or thinking with, a false belief.

The movement gained momentum in 1997, when a group of prison abolition activist, scholars, and former prisoners collaborated to organized a three-day conference to examine the prison-industrial complex in the U. S. The conference, Critical Resistance to the prison-industrial complex, was held on September 1998 at the University of California, Berkeley and was attended by over 3, 500 people of diverse academic, socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds.

The Schools, together with the Digital Design Studio, specialising in 3D visualisation and interaction, the Forum for Critical Inquiry which provides a range of non-studio based learning, teaching and research and the Graduate School, form the academic core.

Home to academic departments including: English, Spanish, Theology, History, Philosophy, and Women's Studies, as well as the Patricia Dobler Writing Center, the Dr. Samuel Hazo Graduate Seminar Room, International Studies, and The Critical Point.

He edited a special issue of Critical Inquiry on this subject, which won awards for best special issue of an academic journal in 2001.

Critical Inquiry is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the humanities published by the University of Chicago Press.

His academic writing and literary criticism has appeared in several journals, including Critical Inquiry, Critical Quarterly, College Literature, Race and Class, American Quarterly, Rethinking Marxism, Minnesota Review, Journal of Advanced Composition, Amerasia Journal and Modern Fiction Studies.

These various discussions of public sociology have been included in forums devoted to the subject in academic journals such as Social Problems, Social Forces, Critical Sociology, and the British Journal of Sociology.

Critical race theory ( CRT ) is an academic discipline focused upon the application of critical theory, a critical examination of society and culture, to the intersection of race, law, and power.

Critical social thought is an interdisciplinary academic major offered at several liberal arts colleges.

One well-known qualitative technique employed in I – O psychology is John Flanagan's Critical Incident Technique, which requires " qualified observers " ( e. g., pilots in studies of aviation, construction workers in studies of construction projects ) to describe a work situation that resulted in a good or bad outcome.

Critical observers have mentioned that the government's negotiations with the paramilitaries could run contrary to this compromise, if not properly handled.

) Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in Cairo, 1952 – 83, originally under the supervision of I. Madkour

Theoretical models have also been developed to study the physics of phase transitions, such as the Landau-Ginzburg theory, Critical exponents and the use of mathematical techniques of quantum field theory and the renormalization group.

No fewer than 545 titles, ranging from satirical poems, political and religious pamphlets and volumes have been ascribed to Defoe ( note: in their Critical Bibliography ( 1998 ), Furbank and Owens argue for the much smaller number of 276 published items ).

Critical studies have been clouded by Thomas ' personality and mythology, especially his drunken persona and death in New York.

* Critical events or event chains: The single events or the event chains that have the most potential to affect the projects are the “ critical events ” or “ critical chains of events .” They can be determined by the analysis.

Critical translations of the Old Testament, while using the Masoretic Text as their basis, consult the Septuagint as well as other versions in an attempt to reconstruct the meaning of the Hebrew text whenever the latter is unclear, undeniably corrupt, or ambiguous .. For example, the Jerusalem Bible Foreword says, "... only when this ( the Masoretic Text ) presents insuperable difficulties have emendations or other versions, such as the ... LXX, been used.

Critical applications have less downtime when using cluster servers, RAID, or a mirroring system.

Prisoner rights have been among her continuing interests ; she is the founder of " Critical Resistance ", an organization working to abolish the prison-industrial complex.

Critical responses to the programme have been polarised ; reviewers praised its dystopian themes and " enormous sense of fun ", but broadcaster Clive James described it as " classically awful ".

Critical opinions of his work have varied widely.

Critical interpretation of the myth has considered Myrrha's refusal of conventional sexual relations to have provoked her incest, with the ensuing transformation to tree as a silencing punishment.

Critical in this regard is the use of aluminized mirrors whose coatings have been optimized for low loss in this region of the spectrum.

While some critics or schools of criticism emphasize one movement over the other, for Frye, both movements are essential: " criticism will always have two aspects, one turned toward the structure of literature and one turned toward the other cultural phenomena that form the social environment of literature " ( Critical Path 25 ).

Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in Cairo, 1952 – 83, originally under the supervision of Ibrahim Madkour ; some of these editions are given below.

In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments.

Critical studies, with various approaches, by Dorothy Coleman, Jerry Nash, Nancy Frelick, Cynthia Skenazi, James Helgeson and Thomas Hunkeler are particularly useful ; important articles on the poet have been written by François Rigolot, Enzo Giudici, Edwin Duval, Terence Cave, Gérard Defaux, and Richard Sieburth's " Introduction " to Emblems of Desire: Selections from the " Délie ", a work which Sieburth translated and edited ( see External links below for link to Sieburth's Introduction available on-line ).

The gradual evolution of consensus about the meaning of Carl Andre's art can be found in About Carl Andre: Critical Texts Since 1965, published by Ridinghouse in 2008. The most significant essays and exhibition reviews have been collated into one volume, including texts written by some of the most influential art historians and critics: Clement Greenberg, Donald Kuspit, Lucy R. Lippard, Robert C. Morgan, Barbara Rose and Roberta Smith.

Marxist approaches have also inspired Critical Theorists such as Robert W. Cox who argues that " Theory is always for someone and for some purpose ".

For example, many small cities have monthly Critical Mass rides with fewer than twenty riders which offer safety in numbers to cyclists in those locales, while on the opposite extreme, in what have been the largest events using the name Critical Mass, cyclists in Budapest, Hungary hold only two rides each year on April 22 ( Earth Day ) and September 22 ( International Car Free Day ).

Because Critical Mass takes place without an official route or sanction, participants in some cities have sometimes practiced a tactic known as " corking " in order to maintain the cohesion of the group.

The practice of corking roads in order to pass through red lights as a group is in contravention of traffic laws in some jurisdictions and is sometimes criticized to be contrary to Critical Mass ' claim that " we are traffic ", since ordinary traffic does not have the right to go through intersections once the traffic signal has changed to red.