Criticism is as old as literary art and we can set the stage for our study of three moderns if we see how certain critics in the past have dealt with the ethical aspects of literature.

In his paper " The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism ," ( 1921 ) Housman stated: " A textual critic engaged upon his business is not at all like Newton investigating the motion of the planets: he is much more like a dog hunting for fleas.

T. S. Eliot attacked the reputation of Kubla Khan and sparked a dispute within literary criticism with his analysis of the poem in his essay " Origin and Uses of Poetry " from The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism ( 1933 ): " The way in which poetry is written is not, so far as our knowledge of these obscure matters as yet extends, any clue to its value ...

Criticism of learning theories that underlie traditional educational practices claims there is no need for such a theory ; that the attempt to comprehend the process of learning through theory construction creates more problems and inhibits personal freedom.

Criticism of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism.

The Public Address events include Informative Speaking, Persuasive Speaking, Rhetorical Criticism, and After Dinner Speaking ; the Limited Preparation events include Impromptu Speaking and Extemporaneous Speaking ; and the interpretation events include Poetry, Prose, Dramatic Interpretation, Dramatic Duo Interpretation ( in which at least one dramatic piece is presented by two speakers working together ), Duo Interpretation ( in which two speakers present a scene or scenes from any source ), and Programmed Oral Interpretation ( in which speakers use material from multiple genres with a common theme ).

In his Rhetorical Criticism: A Study in Method, scholar Edwin Black states, " It is the task of criticism not to measure … discourses dogmatically against some parochial standard of rationality but, allowing for the immeasurable wide range of human experience, to see them as they really are.

Criticism is considered rhetorical when it focuses on the way some types of discourse react to situational exigencies – problems or demands – and constraints.

However, the theory of relativity is now considered as a cornerstone of modern physics, see Criticism of relativity theory.

Criticism from Russia, a country held to be in violation of the Convention by the Court in many decisions, is frequent.

Criticism comes most often from politicians, especially when they or an associate of theirs is under investigation for connections to the Mafia.

The final section of An Essay on Criticism discusses the moral qualities and virtues inherent in the ideal critic, who, Pope claims, is also the ideal man.

Ebert is one of the principal critics featured in Gerald Peary's 2009 documentary film For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism.

The thought behind Marxist Criticism is that works of literature are mere products of history that can be analysed by looking at the social and material conditions in which they were constructed.

The fierce debate about the film is discussed at length in For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism.

Critics also argue that the empirical evidence shows that " predatory pricing " does not work in practice and is better defeated by a truly free market than by anti-trust laws ( see Criticism of the theory of predatory pricing ).

Criticism for Frye, then, is not a task of evaluation — that is, of rejecting or accepting a literary work — but rather simply of recognizing it for what it is and understanding it in relation to other works within the ' order of words ' ( Cotrupi 4 ).

Criticism, Frye explains, is essentially centripetal when it moves inwardly, towards the structure of a text ; it is centrifugal when it moves outwardly, away from the text and towards society and the outer world.

Criticism of globalization is skepticism of the claimed benefits of the globalization of capitalism.

After this high point, Quintilian ’ s influence seems to have lessened somewhat, although he is mentioned by the English poet Alexander Pope in his versified “ An Essay on Criticism ”:

Criticism of Longstreet after the war was based not only on his reputed conduct at the Battle of Gettysburg, but also intemperate remarks he made about Robert E. Lee and his strategies, such as:

Criticism of Rather reached a fever pitch after 60 Minutes II ran his report about President Bush's military record ; numerous critics questioned the authenticity of the documents upon which the report was based.

* Questionings on Criticism and Beauty ( Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1909 ), based on his 1909 Romanes Lecture.

* Criticism of the government of Israel based on its treatment of the Palestinians.

Criticism has focused on accusations that those in the media who shape public opinion often do this based on ideological constructs and exhibit a lack of awareness of current societal problems, often pointing to the fact that journalists and editors predominantly reside in segregated low-risk upper middle-class areas.

Criticism was also based on speculations about the influence exerted by Carla Bruni, spouse of the French President Nicolas Sarkozy, on Genro's decision.

Criticism of broker contingent commissions is based on the fact that they are structured so that insurance companies compete ( among brokers ) on the fee paid to the broker rather than the price to the buyer.

A class in which Fitz Hugh always got the highest marks was one taught by university president Eliphalet Nott and based on Lord Kames ’ Elements of Criticism, although it essentially became a course on the philosophy of Eliphalet Nott.

Criticism of the new tax rules has been strong, and generally based on three different types of criticism:

" It refers to a criticism that constructs " a female framework for the analysis of women's literature, to develop new models based on the study of female experience, rather than to adapt male models and theories " ( quoted by Groden and Kreiswurth from " Toward a Feminist Poetics ," New Feminist Criticism, 131 ).

Criticism of the document is based on the belief that the laws in the Hindu Code bill should apply to all citizens regardless of religious affiliation.

Criticism also classifies rhetorical discourses into generic categories either by explicit argumentation or as an implicit part of the critical process.

* Northrop Frye, in his highly influential Anatomy of Criticism, formulated a theories of cycles influenced by Giambattista Vico and Oswald Spengler, and later commented: " I noticed that the acceptance of theories of recurrence seemed to accompany either neurotic obsession, as in Nietzsche, or projected forms of self-interrogation of the most dubious kind, as in Yeats ' Vision.

-Essay on Criticism

* The Freedom of Fantastic Things: Selected Criticism on Clark Ashton Smith

The Freedom of Fantastic Things: Selected Criticism on Clark Ashton Smith.

* ' Employers ' Liability ,' a Criticism Based on Facts ( 1909 )

Criticism includes several examples of cropping quotes from President Obama, Vice President Biden and Vice President Gore so they appear out of context, using image-manipulation software to edit the appearance of reporters from The New York Times and using footage from other events during a report on the November 5 Tea Party rally in Washington, D. C .; Media Matters said the intention of Fox News was to make it appear as if a larger number of protesters attended the event.

Criticism of his work weighed on his mind: every one of the fifty-two letters he wrote to Mittag-Leffler in 1884 mentioned Kronecker.

* Elements of Criticism ( 1762 ) Discarding all arbitrary rules of literary composition, he endeavors to establish a new theory on the principles of human nature.

", " The Second Persona ," and " A Note on Theory and Practice in Rhetorical Criticism.

Criticism, most notably made by Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, centered on sociobiology's contention that genes play an ultimate role in human behavior and that traits such as aggressiveness can be explained by biology rather than a person's social environment.

Industrial Workers of the World | IWW poster " Pyramid of the Capitalist System "( c. 1911 ), depicting an Criticism of capitalism | anti-capitalist perspective on statist / capitalist social structures

Adorno continued writing on music, publishing " The Form of the Phonograph Record " and " Crisis of Music Criticism " with the Viennese musical journal 23, " On Jazz " in the Institute's Zeitschrift, " Farewell to Jazz " in Europäischen Revue.

* Alexander Pope publishes An Essay on Criticism.

This brought Pope instant fame, and was followed by An Essay on Criticism, published in May 1711, which was equally well received.

An Essay on Criticism was first published anonymously on 15 May 1711.

An Essay on Criticism was an attempt to identify and refine his own positions as a poet and critic.

* 1711: An Essay on Criticism

" Dancing through the Minefield: Some Observations on the Theory, Practice, and Politics of a Feminist Literary Criticism.

* Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism

Criticism of the theory has tended to focus only on the latter claim.

* Criticism of Israel came from the United Nations, the European Community and the United States as well as the Arab states-which during the 1980s were concentrated on the Iran – Iraq War.

His lasting reputation rests principally on the theory of literary criticism that he developed in Anatomy of Criticism ( 1957 ), one of the most important works of literary theory published in the twentieth century.