The English Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with, first, the Commonwealth of England ( 1649 – 53 ), and then with a Protectorate ( 1653 – 59 ), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule.

The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words.

The Protectorate might have continued if Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies.

With Cromwell's fall in 1540, the Latimers reclaimed some dignity and as Lord Latimer attended Parliament in 1542 he and Catherine spent time in London that winter.

In 1659, the royalist Anglican theologian ( later Bishop of Rochester ) Thomas Sprat made his witty and literary reputation with his satirical poem To the Happie Memory of the most Renowned Prince Oliver, Lord Protector, clearly mocking Cromwell's legal status.

In Europa Universalis III by Paradox Interactive, Lord / Lady Protector is applied to a country's head of state under the Republican Dictatorship form of government, the first natural occurrence being Oliver Cromwell's formation of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

The Protectorate, which followed the Commonwealth and preceded the English Restoration, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies.

Of Lord Cromwell's castle, the 130 foot high Great Tower and moat still remain.

His first case was in the Court of King's Bench in 1581, and was known as Lord Cromwell's Case after the claimant, Lord Henry Cromwell, a landlord in Coke's home county of Norfolk.

The next year he was elected Reader of Lyon's Inn for three years, something surprising considering his young age and likely related to his conduct in Lord Cromwell's Case.

From Thomas Cromwell's point of view, George's influence as Lord Warden was a thorn in his side.

After the defeat of Charles's Royalist army at the hands of Cromwell's New Model Army, the King fled with Lord Derby, Lord Wilmot and other royalists, seeking shelter at the safe houses of White Ladies Priory and Boscobel House.

During this time the heralds continued their work and was even present on the 26 June 1657 at Oliver Cromwell's second installation ceremony as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth.

Lord Carlisle had earlier supported the Parliamentarian cause in the Civil War, and is supposed to have been created Baron Gilsland and Viscount Howard of Morpeth by Oliver Cromwell in 1657 ( it is certain that he was summoned to Cromwell's House of Lords the same year as " Lord Viscount Howard ").

He had served as a major in Oliver Cromwell's army, but after a disagreement with the Lord Protector, he fled to the obscurity of colonial life.

Sir John Keith ( d. 1714 ), brother of the 7th Earl Marischal, was, at the Restoration given the hereditary office of Knight Marischal of Scotland, and in 1677 was created Earl of Kintore, and Lord Keith of Inverurie and Keith-Hall, a reward for his share in preserving the regalia of Scotland, which were secretly conveyed from Dunnottar to another hiding-place, when the castle was besieged by Cromwell's troops, and which Sir John, perilously to himself, swore he had carried abroad and delivered to Charles II, thus preventing further search.

It appears that Lord Cromwell had obtained some Percy estates some years ago, and now Thomas Neville was going to marry Cromwell's heir, Maude Stanhope.

The first was set up on 7 May, on the authority of the Rump Parliament, to replace the Lord Protector Richard Cromwell's Council of State.

He hailed Cromwell's dissolution of the Rump Parliament in June 1653, but he subsequently became disenchanted and suspicious of Cromwell as Lord Protector.

He was Lord Mayor of London in 1642 and a prominent member of Oliver Cromwell's government.

Sir George Lockhart ( Lord Advocate ) ( c. 1630-1689 ) who was lord-advocate in Cromwell's time, was the second son of Sir James.

Lord Lee's second son, Sir George Lockhart ( c. 1630-1689 ), was Lord Advocate in Cromwell's time, and was celebrated for his persuasive eloquence ; in 1674, when he was disbarred for alleged disrespect to the court of session in advising an appeal to parliament, fifty barristers showed their sympathy for him by withdrawing from practice.

The Eastern Association established itself as a formidable fighting force in 1643, thanks in a large part to Cromwell's regiment, who became known as the ' Ironsides '.

In the English Civil War it became a royalist stronghold and was razed to the ground by Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentary forces giving it its modern name.

He became one of Thomas Cromwell's " visitors of the monasteries " when King Henry VIII annexed the property of the Catholic Church at the end of the 1530s, in the dissolution of the monasteries.

The battle on 14 June 1658 which resulted from this manoeuvre, became known in England as the Battle of the Dunes because the red-coats of the New Model Army under the leadership of Sir William Lockhart, Cromwell's ambassador at Paris, in Turenne's army astonished both armies by the stubborn fierceness of their assaults particularly with a successful assault up a sand-hill high and strongly defended by Spanish veterans.

He fought at the Battle of Edgehill and later became major of Cromwell's regiment of horse.

He became a thorn in Cromwell's side.

In 1866 it became the Brewery for the York Tavern which was Oliver Cromwell's headquarters at the siege of Pembroke during the English Civil War.

With Oliver Cromwell's victory in England, the marquess became the effective ruler of Scotland.

This view of the monarchy could have developed after Oliver Cromwell's Republic which eventually became a military dictatorship.

However, as the conflict progressed he switched sides and became a lieutenant in Oliver Cromwell's Roundheads.

In 1657 Thurloe became a member of Cromwell's second council, as well as governor of the London Charterhouse school, and in 1658 he became chancellor of the University of Glasgow.

The castle became a Royalist stronghold during the English Civil War, and was besieged twice before its surrender to Cromwell's forces in 1646.

Cromwell's double regiment was later split into two regiments ( Sir Thomas Fairfax's and Edward Whalley's ), which became the nucleus of the New Model Army's cavalry.

In December 1657 he became a member of the Cromwell's Other House.

While on a visit to London in 1656 Oliver Cromwell prevailed upon him to preach at Whitehall, with the result that Howe, much against his preferences, became one of Cromwell's chaplains.

The Institute was the precursor of what later became California Institute of the Arts, and one of Cromwell's then-classmates would also eventually rise to fame as costume designer Edith Head.

By Act of Parliament in 1769 Thames Ditton, which had already from the early 1600s assumed the civilian vestry responsibilities of a parish, became a separate curacy and an ecclesiastical parish in its own right, subsuming Hinchley Wood, Claygate and Weston Green ( Long Ditton had remained a separate parish, not within the Kingston Rectory, despite attempts during Cromwell's time to fuse the two ).

Later, under Thomas Cromwell's direction, Taverner became actively engaged in producing works designed to encourage the Reformation in England, which included the publication of his translation of the Bible in 1539, and a commentary published in 1540 with Henry VIII's approval.

Tea first arrived in England during Cromwell's protectorate and soon became the national drink.

After the end of Cromwell's campaign Nicholas Loftus was given extensive lands in the south of County Wexford and purchased the Hall from ' several Adventurers and soldiers ', but it was only in 1666 when his son Henry moved to the Hall from Dungulph that it became the principal residence of the Loftus family.

In July 1657, he became a member of the Protector's Privy Council, and in 1658 he accepted a seat in Cromwell's Other House ( House of Lords ).

Life for both Irish and English Catholics in Ireland became increasingly difficult under Cromwell's rule, and Cromwell remains a despised figure in some areas of Ireland to this day.